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hydro due to their limitless and clean energy supply, which can be used for electricity generation, heating/cooling systems, or directly utilized in the form of bio products.4, 9-11 Besides, hydrogen appears to be a perfect solution to supply energy demand and pull down toxic emission in the air. In industrial scale, the most common technology to produce hydrogen is steam reforming.12 Other than that, electrolysis of water has the potential to produce hydrogen, regardless the high operational cost due to its high energy consumption.13 One alternative energy source with a green concept is fuel cell (FC). FC is a device based on electrochemical reaction to produce electrical energy from chemical energy. At the end of 1830s, first article about FC device was illustrated and growing up since 1950s.14, 15 The common fuel of FC is hydrogen whilst alcohol, such as methanol and ethanol, can be an alternative. FC technology is an attractive issue to increase the hydrogen production, thus hydrogen and alcohol economics will grow up rapidly. In past 5 decades, FC has been performed in some sectors as preferred energy source for a wide variety of applications. Several FCs types have been used in industrial and electrical energy support system, such as PEMFC, DAFC, AFC, PAFC, and MCFC.16 Each type of FCs differs in electrolyte used in the electrochemical system. The oldest type of FC is AFC (alkaline full cells) which uses alkaline as electrolyte and has operational temperature of about 50-120°C. However, it is not applicable as energy source for transportation purpose. This paper will focus to probe the alternative energy with green properties and transportation applicable.17 FC type representing these properties is PEMFC. PEMFC (polymer electrolyte membrane FC) uses a polymer membrane as electrolyte. PEMFC also employ milder operational condition (up to 80°C) than other kind of FC.18 The illustration detail type of FC is showed in Fig.1 below. FIGURE 1. Type of Fuel Cells (PEMFC, DMFC, AFC, PAFC, and MCFC). Adapted from16 Currently, PEMFC becomes an attractive energy source for automotive, stationary, and portable applications because their beneficial properties e.g. high efficiency, low operational temperature, and high energy density. The PEMFC uses hydrogen as fuel, which needed complex storage system.16 On the other hand, FC that uses liquid fuel such as methanol and ethanol will have special advantage in terms of storage and transport. This improvement will make FC more convenient to replace our current fossil fuel system.19 020030-2PDF Image | Zeolite modification for direct alcohol fuel cells DAFCs
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