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Based on the alcohol used, DAFCs can be categorized into two types namely DMFC (direct methanol fuel cell) and DEFC (direct ethanol fuel cell).Both types have been used in laboratory and industrial scale. However, they still have some weakness in their performance because catalyst oxidation is used based pure noble metals (Pt, Au, Pd)20, 21 and high alcohol crossover. To improve the performance of DAFCs, previous studies have modified membrane used, by replacing it to zeolite based membrane. Zeolite membrane has good properties to increase performance of DAFC since it has good thermal resistance, chemical resistance, and high selectivity of H2.22, 23 Commonly used membrane in FC is Nafion due to its high conductivity, low selectivity of H2 due to high methanol permeability.24 In the past, major researches focus in combining good characteristics of zeolite and Nafion, thus required membrane properties such as high proton conductivity, high H2 selectivity, good mechanical stability, and low alcohol crossover can still be fulfilled.24-26 The mechanism of methanol and proton transport in polymer-zeolite composite membrane is showed in Fig. 2. FIGURE 2. Methanol crossover and proton transport in composite membrane of polymer-zeolite. Adapted from27 DIRECT ALCOHOL FUEL CELLS DAFC is good alternative energy generation in the future as a green source and help solving global warming issue. Direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC) is one of renewable energy source as electrochemical device that to be fed directly with alcohol fuel to produce electricity by electrochemical oxidation process.28 Several types of DAFC has been mentioned above, such as DMFC and DEFC, ethanol and methanol are used as fuel in FC system because they have high energy density and cheap price.29-31 However, methanol has a lot of drawback compared to ethanol. Methanol is produced from fossil fuel, through gasification and steam reforming, so that production cost of methanol is relatively expensive. In addition, methanol has toxic properties which makes ethanol is prefer for DAFC.32, 33 Ethanol has some advantages such as non-toxic, higher energy density about 26.8 MJ·kg-1 compared to methanol, less cross over rate (from the anode to cathode), and can be produced from agriculture and biomass products in great quantity by the fermentation of sugar- containing raw materials.18, 19The general reaction that occur in DAFC is shown below: Anode: CnH2n+1OH+ 2n-1H2O nCO2 + 6n H+ + 6n e- Chatode: 3n/2 O2 +6n H+ + 6n e- 3n H2O In the anode, alcohol will be oxidized while oxygen will be oxidized in the cathode to generate water. DAFC work system similar with PEMFC, where ion exchange membrane is used as electrolyte.34 Both ion exchange membrane sides are contacted with thin layer of catalyst supported on carbon material. Gas diffusion layer is allowed by fuel and oxygen from air to distribute homogeneously over the whole catalyst area, while it should permit the vent of CO2 in the anode and water in the cathode35. Further, graphite based collector is used to collect all electrons obtained in the anode, that it inject electron to the cathode.20, 34, 36 The most membrane used in DAFC is Nafion because of its physical properties are suitable to apply in chemical mixture and mild temperature condition up to 80–100°C.37 However, Nafion has high alcohol crossover, so that permeated methanol or ethanol and its oxidation of the intermediate products could poison the cathode catalyst.38 Furthermore, as a result the performance of the FC is decreased. Wang et al.26 have reported that the selectivity 020030-3PDF Image | Zeolite modification for direct alcohol fuel cells DAFCs
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