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17 vehicle weight, resulting in increased fuel consumption because the engine is required to propel the vehicle to the required speed. Frictional forces that act on the vehicle operating at constant speeds increase as well because of the added weight [67]. In the open literature, only few works considered the ORCweight when implementing the systemas a bottoming cycle in automobiles. In their modelling study, Oh et al. [68] stated that a 10% increase in vehicle weight could result in a 4%–6% increase in fuel consumption. Imran et al. [67] presented a method for estimating the weight of different ORC components as a function of their capacities. To obtain the weight of the expander, Imran et al. [67] used the data of scroll compressors with similar power rating to plot the expander weight against the power. Their results showed that the added weight of the ORC system (140.52 Kg) caused a power loss in the range of 0.82–2.28 KW. The weight of the expander was in the range of 4.2%–12.8% of the total weight. Battista et al. [69] considered the weight of the ORC system to study its effects on the fuel consumption of a light-duty diesel engine. An extra weight of 50 Kg was added to the original vehicle weight (3350 Kg), and the results showed an increase of 1.25% in fuel consumption at 1000 rpm and 0.7% at 3500 rpm. Assuming a 20 Kg ORC system, Horst et al. [70] stated that the fuel consumption increased by 1.5%. In addition to the weight issue, Boretti [71], [72] stated that the ORC technology has several disadvantages that prevent the uptake of the technology, such as increased backpressures, increased packaging complexity, increased control complexity, troublesome transient operation and cold start issues. 2.2.3 Working Fluids in Organic Ranking Cycle The choice of working fluid for an ORC system is of key importance for the cycle efficiency and net work. ORC systems should only utilise working fluids with low global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP) [73]. According to Lee et al. [74], the system efficiency of ORC correlates with the fluid’s normal boiling point, critical pressure and molecular weight. The main difference between conventional Rankine cycles and ORCsis that the latter uses organic fluids (hydrocarbons orPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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