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19 load in the condenser [82], [83]. The hydrogen bond in certain molecules, such as water, ammonia and ethanol, may result in wet fluid conditions due to the large vapourising enthalpy. Hence, wet fluids are regarded as inappropriate options for ORC systems [81]. Isentropic fluids are free fromthe issue of moisture content (fluid droplets);the only issues of concern are their cost, chemical stability and safety [84]. A summary of studiesrelated to working fluids in the open literatureis presented in the following paragraph. Figure 2-2: Categories of working fluids. Hung [85] analysed and compared the efficiency and irreversibility of ORCs using various dry fluids, namely,benzene, toluene, p-xylene, R113and R123. In the study, p-xylene presented the highest efficiency, while benzenepresented the lowest efficiency. R113 and R123 presented better performances than the other two in terms of recovering low-temperature waste heat. Saleh et al. [86] presented a study of 31 pure component working fluids for ORCs in geothermal power plants. Among the studied fluids, n-hexane showed the highest thermal efficiency (14.14%), while R32 showed the lowest thermal efficiency (0.53%). Hung et al. [84] conducted a study to identify suitable working fluids that may yield high system efficiencies in an ORC system. Their results showed that R11 and C7H8 have the highest system efficiencyatapproximately8.5%, while R152 has the lowest system efficiency at6.7%. The authors stated that wet fluids withPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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