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21 thermal stability of three representative hydrocarbons used as working fluids in ORCs, namely, n-pentane, cyclo-pentane and toluene,by using vapour pressure as an indicator. Their results showed that cyclo-pentane is stable at 350 °C after eight hours, with a decomposition rate that is 20times lower than the corresponding value for n-putane. The results also confirmed that the toluene sample remained remarkably stable at high temperatures, which makes it a preferable fluid in high-temperate applications. Saloux et al.[92] proposed a methodology for selecting the most appropriate organic fluid for WHR applications based on primitive variables, such as working pressure, temperature and mass flow rate. The analytical results of He et al. [93] showed that the R236FA fluid has the highest thermal efficiency at21.6%, and the fuel economy of a 12-cylinder four-stroke stationary natural gas engine can be improved by 14.7% compared to that without ORC. Recently, Seyedkavoosi et al. [94] compared three working fluids in terms of exergy efficiency using the exhaust gas of a 12-cylinder gas-fired ICE. The investigated fluids were R123 (dry), R134a (isentropic) and water (wet). Their results showed that R123 presented the best performance. They concluded that using dry fluids such as R123 for ICE applications could potentiallyrealise maximum useful power and exergy efficiencies. 2.2.4 Comparison between Organic Rankine Cycle System and Other Technologies (Thermo-electric Generation and Turbo- compounding) The selection of appropriate WHR technology depends on the application, system size and heat source. However, ORC systems provide an attractive combination of efficiency and affordability forengine exhaust WHR [21]. It also exhibits great flexibility, high safety and low maintenance requirements [95]. Although anin-depth comparison of the technologies is beyond the scope of the chapter, a brief comparison is discussed in the followingparagraphs. ORC exhibits higher BSFC reduction potential thanTC[96]. The main disadvantage of TCis the interaction with the engine. This interaction increases the exhaust backpressure of the engine, which affects the exhaustPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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