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23 system stability requires prolonged aging and thermal cycling tests [108]. However, TEG technology is lightweight, while ORC has high volume and weight. In addition, thermoelectric technology is environmentally friendly [109],whereasORC could be harmful when toxic working fluids are used. 2.3 Expander Technologies for Organic Ranking Cycle in Internal Combustion Engines The selection of an appropriate expander type is crucial because the expander is a critical component in an efficient and cost-effective ORC system. The choice of expander type strongly depends on the working conditions, type of working fluid, space and weight restrictions and size of the system [23]. Other important factors should be considered when selecting expanders, such as high isentropic efficiency, pressure ratio, power output, lubrication requirements, complexity, rotational speed, dynamic balance, reliability cost, working temperatures and pressures, leaking, noise and safety [45][47]. Expanders can be classified into two groups: displacement expanders (volume expanders) and turbo-machine expanders (velocity expanders). Most ORC systems have been developed with scroll and vane typesbecause of their efficiency and low cost [110]. However, these devices are not suitable for placement in small and restricted places,such as the interior of a conventional car [110]. Meanwhile, turbo-machine expanders are preferred in a high-temperature WHR application with an expected regenerated power in the order of 15 kW [111]. 2.3.1 Positive Displacement Expanders As the name implies, positive displacement expanders (PDEs) are machines whose principal feature is a fixed volumetric ratio. In PDEs, fluid is forced into a closed volume and then pushed out with low pressure, resulting in mechanical work caused bythe expansion process. PDEs have several types with different working principles. These types are scroll expanders, screw expanders, reciprocating piston expanders and rotary vane expanders, all of which are schematically presented inFigure 2-3.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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