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27 A year later, Yu et al. [132] conducted a simulation study on an ORC system with exhaust gas and jacket water as heat sources and R245fa as the working fluid. Their results showed that the maximum expansion power and recovery efficiency were approximately14.5 kW and 9.2%, respectively. The results also showed that the maximum expander pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency were 11.7 and 60%, respectively. The authors concluded that the ORC system can effectively recover heat in exhaust gas but behaves badly in recovering heat in jacket water. In 2014, Kim et al. [133] studied the performance of a scroll expander at off-design conditions using a dual-loop ORC with R134a as the cycle working fluid. The scroll expander was applied in a low-temperature cycle using the engine coolant and the condensation heat from the high temperature as heat sources. The authors claimed that the scroll expander is not suitable for high-temperature cycles because of the uneven thermal deformation of the scrolls, which is difficult to handle. Their results showed that a gradual decrease in expansion efficiency was observed during the under-expansion operation (i.e. the design pressure ratio was lower than the operating pressure ratio), whereas a rapid decrease in expansion efficiency was apparent during the over-expansion operation (i.e. the design pressure ratio was higher than the operating pressure ratio). Recently, Petr et al. [134] conducted a simulation study to investigate the performance of an ORC system by using ethanol as the working fluid and a scroll expander as the expansion machine. Their results showed an increase in the net power output of 7% compared to the conventional controller with operation points optimised at steady-state conditions. b) Screw Expanders In 2006, Leibowitz et al. [135] studied the possibilities of recovering power from low-temperature heat sources. They utilised a twin-screw expander due to its availability and low cost and itscapability tooperate at high rotational speeds. According to the authors, these expanders can provide adiabatic shaft efficiencies of approximately70% when working at low speed.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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