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26 recovered at the ambient temperature of 25 °C, with a maximum energy recovery of 400 W. In 2003, Kane[128] tested an ORC system to recover thermal energy from a bio-gas diesel engine. The cycle was a bottoming cycle with R134a as the working fluid, and the scroll expander was modified from standard hermetic scroll compressor units. The laboratory tests showed that the total power range was from 3 kWe to 10 kWe, and the maximum overall superposed cycle efficiency was (14.1 ± 0.2)%. The authors stated that this performance is satisfactory due to the relatively low supply temperature (up to 165 °C) and low power range (up to 10 kWe). In 2007, Kane et al.[129] conducted an experimental test to recover the wasted heat in a 200kWe biogas engine coolant using a scroll expander ORC. Their results showed that the ORC system can be operated even at a very low power output, below 20% of its nominal design value, and a cycle net efficiency of 7% can be achieved for a low-temperature application (< 90 °C). Two years later, Mathias et al. [130] presented an experimental test of two types of expanders, namely,scroll and rotary vane expanders. R123 was selected as the working fluid and the exhaust gas of a stationary ICEas the heat source. The scroll expander used in the test was a scroll compressor thatwas modified and operated as an ORC expander in the experiment. The experimental results showed that the maximum isentropic efficiency and output power achieved by the modified expander were 83% and 2.96 kW, respectively. In addition, the reduction in diesel fuel was 4,012 L, and the overall energy efficiency of the cycle was 7.7%. In 2012, Clemente et al. [131] studied the performance of a scroll expander with R245fa and isopentane as working fluids. The scroll efficiency andpower output were higher when R245fa was used as theworking fluid at 40 °C condensing temperature. Using the exhaust gas of the ICE, the authors stated that the designed cycle could recover 10 kW. A net mechanical power of approximately1 kW was also delivered by the scroll expander, achieving 10.8% thermal efficiency.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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