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31 and maximum power of the expander were 48% and 32W, respectively, and the measured thermal efficiency was 3.82%. In 2011, Xinxinet al. [46]conducted a steady-state experiment to investigate the performance of an ORC system using the exhaust gas of a Toyota 8A-FE gasoline engine as the heat source and R113 as the ORC working fluid. The achieved expander isentropic efficiency was 79.42%, and the practical thermal efficiency of the system was approximately14.44%. Battista et al. [69]recentlyconducted an experimental study to investigate the influence of implementing an ORC system when using the exhaust gas of a turbocharged IVECO F1C diesel engine as the heat source and R236fa as the cycle working fluid. In their study, a sliding vane rotary machine was selected as the ORC expander because, according to the authors, it is noiseless, compact, flexible from a geometrical perspective (diameter/length ratio), very reliable and does not require important maintenance actions. The results of their test showed that a gross benefit of the ORC-based unit power was 4%–5% 2.3.1.2 Performance of PDEs In general, the performance of volumetric expanders is expressed in terms of overall isentropic effectiveness,as shown in equation (2-1). 𝜀=𝑃 𝑚. 𝑠 − 𝑒𝑥 (2-1) where 𝑃 and 𝑚. are the power and mass flow rate displayed by the expander, respectively. 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 are the supply and exhaust enthalpies, respectively. 𝑣 and 𝑥 are the supply specific volume and expander displacement, respectively. The performance of various types of expanders is investigated based on rotational speeds and mass flow rates (Table 2-1) and the off-design performance (isentropic efficiency vs. pressure ratio), as shown inFigure 2-4,Figure 2-5, Figure 2-6, Figure 2-7, Figure 2-9 and Figure 2-10.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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