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39 2.3.2.1 Brief History of Turbo-Expanders in ORC-ICEs a) Axial Turbines Patel and Doyle [60] used ORC in ICEs in 1976. They used the exhaust gas of a Mack 676 diesel engine as the heat source. For the ORC system, they used a three-stage axial turbine as the expansion machine and Fluorinol-50 (mixture) as the cycle working fluid. The authors stated that the most attractive use of ORC is in large, HDD trucks for distance hauling, where the engine load and speed requirements are nearly constant over a large portion of operating hours and high mileages. The authors concluded that the addition of an ORC system to a long-haul diesel truck can improve fuel economy by 15% over a typical duty cycle. Three years later, Doyle et al.[180] conducted a one-year program on a Model 676 diesel engine equipped with a bottoming ORC system using the same turbine and working fluid as ina previous study[60]. Their lab results showed that a BSFC improvement of 10%–12% was achieved,which was verified by highway tests. The authors also stated that 3120 gallons of fuel could be saved for every 100,000 miles travelled by the truck. In 1982, Hnat et al. [181] conducted a study to recover wasted heat in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine using ORC with toluene as working fluid and Rankine cycle with steam as working fluid. The authors recommended that a six-stage axial steam turbine could be used for the steam Rankine cycle and one- or two-stage turbine could be used for the ORC. In terms of cycle efficiency, the Rankine cycle efficiencies for the toluene and steam heat recovery systems are 24% and 19%, respectively, indicating that organic fluid can convert a greater portion of the heat absorbed to mechanical or electrical power. The results of the simulation study of Seher et al.[139] showed that at the design point, a power of approximately 10 kW can be generated at a turbine efficiency of 66%. Their results also showed that at full engine load, the turbine delivered a power of up to 16 kW. When they tested the prototype, the turbine showed low thermal power (a maximum of approximately 9 kW).PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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