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41 b) Radial Turbines In 2010, Briggs et al. [185] used an ORC system equipped with a light-duty diesel engine with R245fa as the working fluid and radial-inflow turbine as the expansion machine. The experimental results demonstrated a peak thermal efficiency of 42.6% for a light-duty diesel engine system. The turbine-generator was designed for a peak operating speed of 80,000 rpm, and the achieved power output was 4.6 KW. The authors stated that the expansion wouldnot bring the fluid (R245fa) to a saturated vapour state, and hence a two-phase flow was not encountered in the turbine. The achieved cycle efficiency was 12.7%. The following year, Cogswell et al. [186] designed an ORC power generation system to recover the heat from the exhaust gas of a 60kW diesel engine (John Deere 6059T). Novec649 was selected as the working fluid because it is non-flammable and has a near-zero GWP. The expander was a single-inflow radial turbine with a 4.6cm rotor diameter and a pressure ratio of 12. The achieved isentropic efficiency and power output were 83% and 7.8 kW, respectively. The results also showed that the ORC system generated 5.7kW net power. In the same year, Teng et al.[111], [187] developed and tested an ORC with ethanol as the working fluid to investigate the fuel economy benefit of recovering waste heat from a 10.8 LHD truck diesel engine. The authors used a radial-inflow turbine with an impeller diameter of 53 mm available in a Garret GT25 turbocharger. However, the authors removed the original turbine housing and replaced it with a special design for the working fluid application where a nozzle ring with conical-shaped nozzles was added. The turbine presented an isentropic efficiency of 78%. The first study [111] demonstrated that 5% fuel savings could be achieved using the WHR Rankine cycle. However, the experimental results in the second study [187] showed that an improvement of up to 3% engine fuel consumption could be recovered using EGR and exhaust gas heat sources. In 2013, Wolfgang Lang et al. [188] conducted a study on utilising ORC to recover waste heat in the exhaust gas and EGR system of a high-duty dieselPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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