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178 Furthermore, it adopts a multiple frame of reference approach, in which the flow variables are calculated in a separate frame of reference in the rotor domain. Monitoring and using the derived statistical quantities (average, standard deviation and time integral) of any plotted value to examine its convergence to a quasi-steady state solution is now possible[279]. 6.3.2 Turbulence Modelling Selection of a proper turbulence model is crucial to adequately evaluate the formation of eddies and the flow separation. Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 is a dimensionless number that describes the ratio between the inertial and viscous forces. Flow can be classified as either laminar or turbulentbased on the value of 𝑅𝑒. In turbomachinery, flow is complex, in which adverse pressure gradients and flow separation are likely to occurwith time within substantial regions. Moreover, the assumption of a fully turbulent flow is justified because the turbine is located downstream of several heat exchangers [280]. Therefore, selecting a proper turbulence model to adequately capture the formation of eddies and flow separation is essential. During the past two decades, two main turbulence models have been developed: 𝑘 − 𝜖 model, which is based on the turbulence dissipation rate 𝜖, and 𝑘 − 𝜔 model, which is based on the specific dissipation rate 𝜔 .Fajardo[281] indicated that 𝑘 − 𝜔 is more accurate than 𝑘 − 𝜖 in computing the near-wall layers. However, 𝑘 − 𝜖 converges faster and is robust with real gas applications [282]. Menter[283] developed a less complex and less computationally expensive model called shear stresstransport ( 𝑆𝑆𝑇 ) model. The SSTmodel applies the 𝑘 − 𝜔 model to capture the near-wall regionaccurately and switches to the 𝑘 − 𝜖 model in the free-stream to avoid the sensitivity of 𝑘 − 𝜔 to the effects of free-stream turbulence. His predicted results using the 𝑆𝑆𝑇 model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore, 𝑘 − 𝜔 𝑆𝑆𝑇 is applied in the current analysis for design point and off-design analyses.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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