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CHAPTER 1 Introduction A turbine is a flow device that extracts energy from a fluid by expanding it through a stator and rotor system and when the fluid passes the rotor with a high tangential velocity, it causes the rotor to rotate. The fluid can be a gas or a liquid depending on the applications. The turbine can be either a radial or an axial turbine. In axial turbines, the main flow direction at the inlet to the rotor is parallel to the turbine shaft while for radial turbines, the main flow direction at the inlet to the rotor is perpendicular to the shaft. Axial turbines can be found in gas turbines, which are used for example for aircraft propulsion, power generation and ship propulsion. In a gas turbine, the working gas of the turbine is the exhaust gas from combustion chambers situated upstream of the turbine. The turbine, which may consist of several turbine stages, is used to drive the compressor stages, which are used to increase the amount of air to the combustion chamber. The turbine can also drive a generator when it is used for power generation and propulsion systems on ships. Axial turbines are also used in power plants, and the working gas in this application can be steam, produced by a boiling process with different types of heat sources. In this application, the turbine drives a generator. Another area where turbines are used is in hydroelectric power plants, where the working fluid is water. Often one uses also in this area radial (i.e. Francis) turbines. Radial turbines are also used in the aerospace area, where they are used for driving fuel pumps. The area where radial turbines are used in largest numbers is probably in the turbocharger application for Internal Combustion (IC) engines. In a tur- bocharger, the energy of the engine exhaust gas is extracted by expanding it through the turbine which drives the compressor by a shaft. This means that the wasted energy in the exhaust gas, which can be roughly 30-40 percent of the chemical energy released by the combustion, is used to increase the density of the air admitted to the cylinder. Thereby the power output of the engine can be increased or alternatively the engine size can be reduced, without decreas- ing the power output. If a turbocharged IC engine is compared with a natural aspirated engine with the same power output, the turbocharged engine will be smaller, lighter and requires a smaller installation space. The turbocharged IC engine will also have a better efficiency, since the inertia of system is less 1PDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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