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4 2. NON-PULSATILE AND PULSATILE INTERNAL FLOW Figure 2.1. The counter-rotating Dean vortices. becomes smooth and the vortices breaks down, but the effect of secondary flow remains at 10 diameters downstream of the bend. Sudo & Hibara (2000) also performed measurements on a 180◦ bend. The curvature radius was the same as for the 90◦ bend. Upstream to φ=60◦ the flow in the two different geometries shows similar characteristics. From φ=90◦ the secondary flow begins to weaken and meanders up and down in the central part of the tube. In this part of the bend, a low-velocity region exists in the middle and high velocity regions are located near the inner and outer walls. Rutten et al. (2005) performed Large Eddy Simulations to investigate the turbulent flow through 90◦ pipe bend. The purpose of this investigation was to see how long the extension must be to avoid distortion of the flow field from the bend at the inlet boundary. The conclusion from the investigation was that an extension length of three diameters is sufficient. The computed data is validated by comparing the first and second order statistical moments with PIV measurements by Brucker (1998). Power spectra of LES and PIV velocity signals are also compared and the agreement of the numerical and experimental results is good. The computed flow field showed the counter-rotating Dean vortices, which are not of equal strength at all times and alternately dominate the flow field. This alternately domination leads to alternately clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation of the flow close to the wall in the downstream tangent. If a pipe is turned in two bends, with the bends in orthogonal planes, a swirling motion will be generated after the second bend, as seen Figure 2.2. ThePDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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