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3.2. THE STATOR 11 Table 1. Dimensional and non-dimensional parameters as de- fined by Baines (2005). Fundamental parameters Mass m ̇ flow Non dimensional parameters Quasi-non Referred dimensional parameters √ parameters √ m RT0 /γ m√T0 p0 D2 p0 m T0 /Tref p0 /pref Pressure PR PR PR PR ratio Rot. N speed √N·D √N √N γ·R·T0 T0 T0/Tref Efficiency η η η η two parts, the aero-dynamical efficiency of the turbine ηaero and the bearing efficiency, ηBearing; ηmech = ηaero · ηBearing (3.4) If the bearing losses are known, the aerodynamical efficiency of the turbine can be computed. The bearing losses can be estimated from known bearing characteristics or by measuring the bearing losses in a special rig, but the un- certainty in the measured data and thereby also in the estimation of the bearing losses, is high. This will make it difficult to compare the computed efficiency against measured data, since the computed efficiency is the aerodynamical effi- ciency while the efficiency based on measurements includes the bearing losses. 3.2. The stator A radial turbine comprise of two essential parts, the stator and the rotor. The stator takes the flow from the exhaust manifold of the engine, accelerates and distributes it around the periphery of the rotor. The stator itself consists of a volute and in some cases a nozzle. The design of the volute is critical, since it determines the inlet flow conditions to the nozzle and the rotor. The volute can be of a single or a multiple entry type. For automotive turbochargers, the single entry turbine is so far the most common type. A single entry volute is shown in Figure 3.1. Twin entry turbines, with a meridional divider, see Figure 3.2, are used on commercial diesel engines, but also for smaller automotive engines. The advantage of this type of system is that exhaust manifold can be divided, resulting in a better scavenge process due to less interference between the various cylinders, which give less rest gases in the cylinders. A singlePDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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