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12 3. TURBOCHARGERS, WITH FOCUS ON THE TURBINE Figure 3.1. The different parts of a nozzle-less single scroll turbine. entry turbine has higher swallowing capacity, and therefore lower pressure ratio for a given mass flow and the pumping losses of the engine will be lower. However, by using a twin-entry turbine a higher turbine pressure ratio can be reached in a shorter time and better utilization of the energy in the pulse, which improve the transient response of the engine. The drawback is that the twin-entry turbine has lower efficiency compared to single entry turbine, which has been showed by Capobianco & Gambarotta (1993). They measured the performance of a twin-entry turbine working under non-pulsatile and pulsatile flow conditions and compared the performance with an equivalent single entry turbine, and the efficiency was up to 5% lower for the twin-entry turbine for the non-pulsatile cases. Capobianco and Gambretta concluded that the lower efficiency was due to losses over the dividing tongue and losses in the shear layer between the flows leaving each entry. Yeo & Baines (1990) measured the shaft power for a twin entry turbine for different mass flow ratios in the two different entries, and computed the isentropic efficiency. The conclusion was that the lowest efficiency occurred when one of the two entries was fully closed, due to unfavourable incidence angle of the flow into the wheel. The incidence angle also varied in the axial direction at the inlet to wheel for this flow case, while the incidence angle was fairly constant in axial direction for equal mass flow in the two entries. For turbines that are required to operate at high expansions ratios or high specific work output, a nozzle with vanes is required to turn the fluid, since a volute with nozzles will have better efficiency than a nozzle-less volute at these flow conditions. The nozzle, which is located between the volute and the wheel, consists of an annular ring of vanes which set the incidence angle of the working gas to the rotor and, in conjugate with the volute, further accelerate the fluid.PDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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