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and agricultural sectors equate to 12.7% of the total on-road transport emissions (11.2% in UK). Moreover, diesel consumption from OHV sector costs the UK 10.8 £bn, annually [3, 4]. Hence, waste heat recovery systems offer opportunities to manufacturers to reduce fuel consumption and achieve lower pollutants and CO2 emissions. Compared to other waste heat recovery technologies, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology is probably the most promising candidate for the conversion of exhaust heat into power; this is due to its performance and practical elements of cost and ease of maintenance. Moreover, the heat exchanger of the ORC system produces less backpressure compared to technologies such as turbocharging and turbocompounding, while the thermal efficiency can reach up to 13% at maximum engine power conditions for a heavy duty diesel engine [5]. The Rankine Cycle is a closed cycle where the working fluid exchanges heat with a hot medium in an evaporator at constant pressure. The evaporated fluid then expands in an expander that produces the power output of the system. After the expansion process, the working fluid is condensed in a condenser at constant pressure, and then pumped again to the evaporator. Utilization of ORC systems for waste heat recovery in ICEs has been receiving great attention. The study of Boretti [6] proved that 6.4 % better fuel economy could be achieved when cruising at 120 km/h by implementation an ORC system. Also, Chen et al. [7] concluded that the BSFC of the diesel engine decreases by up to 6.1%. Among the ORC system components, the expander is the most crucial and expensive component in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems [8-10]. Moreover, the properties of the working fluid and the expansion machine have significant effects on Rankine cycle thermal efficiency. Expansion machines are classified into two main groups: turbomachine and positive displacement. Selection of the appropriate expander strongly depends on working conditions, type of working fluid, space and weight restrictions and the size of the system [11]; however for waste heat recovery applications scroll expanders and radial turbines are the most common solutions in literature [12]. In applications under high pressure ratio and low to medium mass flow rate conditions such as vehicular applications, radial expanders are generally preferred. Moreover, the radial inflow expander is less expensive, lighter, and simpler in design, and doesn’t need a lubrication system [13]. However, radial turbines are less efficient at part load, don’t operate efficiently at variable speeds [14], on other words, their efficiencies drop when operating under off-design conditions [15]. 2PDF Image | Off Hwy Vehicle Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR ORC
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