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Figure 4: ORC thermal efficiency at design point (Engine MaxPower). After the design-point result analysis that is presented above, an off-design method was utilized in order to explore the performance characteristics of the expander and the ORC system at different engine operating conditions. This corresponds to the maximum engine torque point and the minimum bsfc engine point conditions. The off-design analysis of the expander was performed for three different rpm cases: 41000rpm, 52000rpm and 63000rpm. The expander geometry was kept constant and was imported from the design procedure. Figure 5 illustrates the off-design analysis of the expander efficiency and shaft output for the two tested working fluids. In the same figure is also illustrated the expander design point as a reference. It is observed that the expander total to static isentropic efficiency and its power output are highly related to the rotational speed and the velocity (U/C) ratio. Small changes of the inlet thermodynamic conditions can lead to significant variations of the expander performance. It is also presented that maintaining the expander rotational speed in the design speed limits, isentropic efficiency slightly changes but power output drops at a more substantial rate. The expander map presented in Figure 5 was utilized to predict the ORC system efficiency under various engine operating conditions. Table 6 summarizes the thermodynamic conditions and the optimum operating conditions for both the expander and the ORC system at various engine operating conditions and for the two tested fluids. It is illustrated that ORC efficiency achieves its maximum efficiency value at maximum torque while the bsfc engine operating point efficiency drops by 40% for both fluids. R123 shows consistently superior performance compared to R245fa by almost 5%. The reason that the ORC efficiency is higher at the maximum torque operating point is related to the performance of the evaporator which in this study is 10PDF Image | Off Hwy Vehicle Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR ORC
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