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International Journal of Turbomachinery Propulsion and Power Article Optimal Design of a Ljungström Turbine for ORC Power Plants: From a 2D model to a 3D CFD Validation Umberto Coronetta * and Enrico Sciubba Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Roma Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; enrico.sciubba@uniroma1.it * Correspondence: umberto.coronetta@gmail.com Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 14 July 2020; Published: 20 July 2020 Abstract: In the last few years, waste-energy recovery systems based on the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) have gained increased attention in the global energy market as a versatile and sustainable technology for thermo-electric energy conversion from low-to-medium temperature sources, up to 350 ◦C. For a long time, water has been the only working fluid commercially adopted in powerplants: axial and, for smaller machines, radial inflow turbines have been the preferred expanders since their gulp capacity matches the ρ-T curve of water steam. The density of most organic compounds displays extremely large variations during the expansion (and the volume flow rate correspondingly increases along the machine channels), so that Radial Outflow Turbines (ROTs) have been recently considered instead of traditional solutions. This work proposes a two-dimensional inviscid model for the stage optimization of a counter-rotating ROT, known as the Ljungström turbine. The study starts by considering five different working fluids that satisfy both the gulp requirements of the turbine and the hot source characteristics. On the basis of a limited number of geometric assumptions and for a fixed set of operating conditions, different kinematic parameters are optimized to obtain the most efficient cascade configuration. Moreover, as shown in the conclusions, the most efficient blade profile leads to higher friction losses, making further investigation regarding the best configuration necessary. Keywords: turbine CFD; Ljungström turbine; Organic Rankine Cycle 1. Introduction The research and development of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), based energy conversion systems, is mainly aimed at the accurate prediction of the performance of the expander, which strongly influences the efficiency of the entire plant. Moreover, based on the characteristics of energy sources exploited by the plant, some expanders are more suitable than others, leading to a higher efficiency of the overall process. With the exception of the smallest ORC power plants (few kW), where volumetric expanders of scroll and screw type can be used, whenever higher power outputs are needed, and consequently high expansion ratios and/or high volume flow rates are necessary, dynamic turbines are the only feasible expanders [1]. Tocci et al. [2], in their review of ORC for small scale applications, argue that the selection of the expander type in the range of power 20–70 kW represents an open question: on the one side, the size of volumetric expanders increases exponentially with an increment of output power [2], on the other, traditional radial inflow solutions may lead to unrealistic rotational speeds [3,4]. In light of the above, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the suitability of a special class of Ljungström turbines, specifically designed for the very large expansion rates of organic fluids in the range of power for which a preferred choice is not yet defined and consolidated. To do so, we will start Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2020, 5, 19; doi:10.3390/ijtpp5030019 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijtppPDF Image | Optimal Design of a Ljungstrom Turbine for ORC Power
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