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Li et al. 9 increase in the rotational speed. When the rotational speed increases from 12,000 to 28,000 r/min, the turbine efficiency increases from 0.53 to 0.885, and the system efficiency increases from 0.123 to 0.1625. Conclusion 1. According to the thermophysical properties of R245fa, temperature range of the heat source, inlet pressure, and output power, the design of the radial turbine is executed. Small turbines must have large rotational speeds to produce adequate output power. The radial inflow tur- bine is miniaturised and designed with a rota- tional speed of 30,000 r/min. A cascade suitable for transonic flow is selected. High rotational speed requires high-performance steel, wear- resistant technology and machining accuracy. In order to improve the turbine efficiency, the turbine and alternator are coaxially connected and completely enclosed. The ORC system is simulated in order to reduce pressure loss. The ORC system is not simplified. From the comparisons made before and after installation, it is observed that the installation of the preheater and superheater can improve the system efficiency, and the installation of the superheater can further protect the turbine from the liquid impact phenomenon. 2. When the turbine inlet temperature is 112°C– 117°C, the flow rate, output power and system efficiency increase with increasing inlet pressure. The turbine efficiency gradually decreases with increasing inlet pressure. It was observed that the inlet pressure does not attain the design value of 1.74MPa and that the turbine effi- ciency decreases. After the pressure exceeds 1.5 MPa, the turbine efficiency increases slightly, and maximum and minimum efficiencies of 0.88 and 0.775, respectively, are attained. 3. When the turbine inlet pressure is maintained between 1.45 and 1.58 MPa and the flow rate is maintained at 0.67, 0.75 and 0.86m3/s, respec- tively, the increase in inlet temperature is accompanied by the increase in flow rate, which further leads to the increase in the output power of the turbine. With the increase in turbine inlet temperature, the turbine efficiency first decreases and then increases, and obtains the minimum value near the inlet temperature of 100°C–105°C, and at the same temperature, the flow rate is smaller while the efficiency is higher. 4. When the turbine speed increases from 12,000 to 28,000 r/min, the temperature drop and output power of the turbine increase. When the flow rate is 0.82m3/s, the turbine rotational speed increases to 28,000 r/min; the temperature drop reaches the maximum value of 32.7°C; and the output power reaches the maximum value of 17.37 kW. The turbine efficiency and system effi- ciency increase with the increase in rotational speed, attaining maximum values of 0.885 and 0.1625. Declaration of conflicting interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. ORCID iD Lei Li https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-0175 References 1. Noroozian A, Naeimi A, Bidi M, et al. Exergoeconomic comparison and optimization of organic Rankine cycle, trilateral Rankine cycle and transcritical carbon dioxide cycle for heat recovery of low-temperature geothermal water. Proc IMechE, Part A: J Power and Energy 2019; 233: 1068–1084. 2. Wang X, Shu G, Tian H, et al. Dynamic analysis of the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery of a natural gas engine. Energ Convers Manage 2017; 148: 724–736. 3. Tang H, Wu H, Wang X, et al. Performance study of a twin-screw expander used in a geothermal organic Ran- kine cycle power generator. Energy 2015; 90: 631–642. 4. Prando D, Renzi M, Gasparella A, et al. Monitoring of the energy performance of a district heating CHP plant based on biomass boiler and ORC generator. Appl Therm Eng 2015; 79: 98–107. 5. Wang M, Wang J, Zhao P, et al. Multi-objective optimi- zation of a combined cooling, heating and power system driven by solar energy. Energ Convers Manage 2015; 89: 289–297. 6. Yamamoto T, Furuhata T, Arai N, et al. Design and testing of the organic Rankine cycle. Energy 2001; 26: 239–251. 7. Shams Ghoreishi SM, Akbari Vakilabadi M, Bidi M, et al. Analysis, economical and technical enhancement of an organic Rankine cycle recovering waste heat from an exhaust gas stream. Energ Sci Eng 2019; 7: 230–254. 8. Roy JP, Mishra MK and Misra A. Parametric optimiza- tion and performance analysis of a regenerative organic Rankine cycle using low-grade waste heat for power gen- eration. Int J Green Energ 2011; 8: 173–196.PDF Image | ORC analysis of radial inflow turbine and R245fa
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