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r---, I L........J (v) Paper ID: 57, Page 5 2.4 3 2.5 2 1.5 (v) ]2 (iv) � 2.2 �u .� -0� -� (iv) � 1.8 Bu C.S 1.6 (iii) (iii) (ii) § 1.4 (ii) -· 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 (2) (1) Nozzle profile Rotor friction Rotor secondary Rotor clearance Rotor trailing edge Interspace Disc friction Kinetic energy 3 2 1 0 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Selected points on the Pareto front (b) (i) 1 (i)• 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 1.2 ---�---�--�---�--� 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 Total-to-static turbine efficiency [-] (a) Total-to-static turbine efficiency [-] (b) Figure 1: Pareto Front of the optimal solutions in terms of total-to-static efficiency and manufacturability indicator for (a) the air turbine and (b) the Novec 649 turbine (1) (2) O/4 Tmax Tav 0.00 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Selected points on the Pareto front (a) Figure 2: Breakdown of the turbine losses and manufacturability indicator for the (1) Air and (2) Novec 649 turbine designs the drastic reduction in efficiency is the increasing contribution of the kinetic energy loss for decreasing values of the manufacturability indicator. The main explanation for this trend is that, in order to achieve a rotor shape easy to manufacture, the velocity triangles change shape, reducing the work extraction and yielding a higher value of the exit kinetic energy. From the manufacturability viewpoint, the key parameter driving the change of Iman along the Pareto front is the blade twist. Figure 2(b) highlights that, when the turbine is optmized for a better manufacturability (from point (v) to (i) in the Pareto front), the overhang is similar in all cases whereas the maximum and average values of blade twist reduce significantly, reaching values close to zero in the case of the ORC turbine. Figure 3(a) shows the change in the maximum and average values of blade twist as a function of the blade turning in the two Pareto fronts. The turbine rotor blades featuring a low turning (or small exit angle) are characterised by a low value of blade twist. Note that the air turbine solutions with values of twist and blade turning close to zero are infeasible due to the presence of a choked rotor. Figure 3(b) shows that the efficiency and manufacturability indicator of the Pareto front solutions are also related to the blade turning. When the turbine is optimized for maximum efficiency, the work extraction is maximized and so is the blade turning and twist. However, a large turning results in a high twist, and therefore a high 5th International Seminar on ORC Power Systems, September 9-11, 2019, Athens, Greece ∆ηts [–] Iman [–] M Manufacturability indicator [-]PDF Image | RADIAL-INFLOW TURBINES FOR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE POWER
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