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CHAPTER 1: Introduction flash cycle’s difficult two-phase expansion, supercritical CO2 cycle’s high operating pressure and thermoelectric generator’s expensive material and low efficiency, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has the favourable characteristics of simple structure, high reliability, small size, low cost and easy maintenance (Bao et al. 2013). ORC technology proved to be one of the most reliable and efficient solutions that utilizes the waste heat of the above-mentioned thermal heat sources for supplying the electricity demand through the DPG systems. In other words, ORC units utilise the otherwise wasted energies and convert them into useful power in the range of few kWE to tens of MWE. The ORC is similar to the steam Rankine cycle (SRC) but instead of water it utilizes organic compounds such as hydrocarbons and/or refrigerants that boil at low temperature and pressure. This facilitates the ultimate versatility of the ORC to capture almost any low to medium temperature (from 60°C up to 350°C) heat sources to generate power. Compared to SRC, the ORC exhibits unique advantages such as small size, low capital and maintenance cost, simplicity, high reliability and low environmental impacts when combined with renewables. Due to this, the ORC technology has been deployed at fast pace during the past few years across the globe and experienced remarkable advances due to the extensive academic research. Several studies have been conducted in the literature about the ORC which can be mainly categorized as thermodynamic modelling of the ORC, optimization of the ORC overall performance metrics such as thermal and exergy efficiencies and selection of appropriate working fluid for a specific type of low-grade heat source such as geothermal heat (Madhawa Hettiarachchi et al. 2007, Saleh et al. 2007, Guo et al. 2011, Shengjun et al. 2011, Tempesti et al. 2012), solar radiation (Tchanche et al. 2009, Wang et al. 2009, Delgado-Torres et al. 2010, Rayegan et al. 2011), biomass heat (Al-Sulaiman et al. 2011, Liu et al. 2011, Qiu et al. 2012), ocean thermal energy (Sun et al. 2012), waste heat of micro gas turbines (Invernizzi et al. 2007, 4|PagePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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