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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review For small-scale units where maintaining the blade profile accuracy level required for high efficiency, axial flow turbines may be impractical or prohibitively expensive, RIT is an appealing candidate (Aungier 2006). Downsizing the axial flow turbine for small-scale units require the blades to be made very small and numerous, so that the wetted area and hence the frictional losses increase, as do blade blockage effects (Whitfield et al. 1990). The running clearance necessary between the rotor tip and casing becomes a great fraction of the blade height for small-scale axial turbine and tip clearance loss can become severe, whereas, this issue is relaxed in small-scale RIT due to its geometry. Axial turbine generates significant axial force which increases thrust bearing losses and expenses while this is minimal for the RIT (Hoffren et al. 2002). These unique features make the RIT an appealing contender expander for the small-scale compact ORC systems in contrast to the axial turbine which is more suitable for the large-scale systems. Moreover, compared to the volumetric expanders discussed in sections 2.7.1 to 2.7.4, design, modelling and experimental study of the RIT specifically for small-scale ORC systems are scarce in the literature. Marcuccilli et al. (2010) conducted an extensive investigation of different working fluids to select the most promising fluid in terms of cycle thermal efficiency for a geothermal binary power cycle and to estimate the most suitable fluid for the RIT operation. The fluids were ranked based on a performance factor which was defined as the ratio of the cycle thermal efficiency to the square of the turbine diameter and such value was assumed to give the best compromise between the performance and size. The turbine diameter was calculated from isentropic enthalpy drop and volume flow rate using a proprietary formula (not shown in the paper). The reported results showed that propylene has the best performance factor 46 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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