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CHAPTER 5: Mean-line Modelling and Optimization of Organic RIT and Integration with Cycle Analysis Programme There exist variations in the ranking order of R1233zd, n-pentane, R365mfc and R245fa working fluids between the two models. Consequently, the ORC standalone model can bring unfairness to the analysis and reduce the accuracy and reliability of the results if arbitrary ηstage,ts is selected and also result in critical errors while selecting the most efficient working fluids. One of the future work recommended in chapter seven is the experimental testing of the ORC which required selection of the best fluid in terms of ηthermal,cycle from the optimization results obtained with ORC-RIT model (Table 5-8). Among the top four working fluids, R123 could not be selected due to its complete phase out from early January 2015 in the UK. Communications with major manufacturers and sellers of the refrigerants in the UK including Dean & wood, HRP, A-Gas, Dupont, BOC and many more revealed that R1233zd was newly introduced refrigerants (at that time) and its availability and cost was the main reason for not selecting it. Due to the health and safety regulations, n-pentane could not be selected due to its high flammability characteristic (Table 5-1) and requirements of ATEX and costly equipment and thus could not be used. Therefore, R245fa with no flammability, reasonable price and competitive ηthermal,cycle was selected to further analysed using CFD simulations. 5.9. Optimization of the dual-stage transonic RIT The rotor inlet Mach numbers (Ma4) of Table 5-8 reveal that all of the investigated fluids except for R134a, R152a, R1234yf and R1234ze have Mach numbers in excess of unity with supersonic expansion at nozzle outlet and rotor inlet. Such characteristics is due to the requirements of high expansion ratios to maximize ηthermal,cycle and also the low speed of sound for highly dense and high molecular mass organic fluids (i.e. for R245fa sound speed is about 1/3 of air at 100 ̊C). Therefore, the organic fluid easily becomes supersonic with chocked flow at nozzle throat and at such conditions (Ma4>1) the 202 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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