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CHAPTER 5: Mean-line Modelling and Optimization of Organic RIT and Integration with Cycle Analysis Programme formation of shock waves and the consequent losses become inevitable and can result in strong unsteady interaction between nozzle and rotor and substantial deterioration of turbine isentropic efficiency. On the other hand, depending on the value of Ma4 the converging nozzle may be unable to accelerate the flow velocity to supersonic levels (requires further CFD analysis) and hence utilization of converging-diverging nozzle becomes unavoidable. The latter itself requires very tight tolerances and costly manufacturing process for achieving accurate throat area and also has very poor off- design performance (Baines 2003). In general, either converging or converging-diverging nozzle is used, as long the flow regime is supersonic at nozzle outlet (rotor inlet) the turbine efficiency will be deteriorated and complex transient fluid dynamics analysis will be needed to investigate the unsteady interaction of nozzle and rotor blades caused by the propagation of oblique shock waves. Therefore, in order to alleviate such drawbacks, a novel dual-stage transonic RIT configuration with a vane-less return channel in between the two stages was proposed. Such configuration was advantageous as by limiting the Ma4 to transonic flow regime better turbine efficiency can be achieved with simplified fluid dynamics. Figure 5-21 illustrates the schematic of the dual-stage organic RIT meridional channel. The rotor exit total operating conditions (Tt,5, Pt,5) of the 1st stage was set as the nozzle inlet operating conditions of the 2nd stage (assuming negligible losses in the return channel). For the 2nd stage the mass flow rate and rotational speed are the same as the 1st stage since they have a common rotating shaft with negligible external leakage. Similar to section 5.8.3, the ORC-RIT model coupled with the GA optimization technique with similar control operators and all the constraints of section 5.6.1 in addition of Ma4<0.96 were used to maximize ηthermal,cycle using R245fa as the working fluid. Table 5-9 presents the optimized input parameters of both stages while the optimization results are summarized in Table 5-10 . 203 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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