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The Geothermal Radial Outflow Turbine Claudio spadacini, Luca Xodo, Matteo Quaia, Marco Frassinetti, and Dario Rizzi Exergy, Olgiate Olona (VA), Italy c.spadacini@exergy.it • l.xodo@exergy.it • m.quaia@exergy.it m.frassinetti@exergy.it • d.rizzi@exergy.it www.exergy-orc.com GRC Transactions, Vol. 38, 2014 Keywords Exergy, radial outflow turbine, ORC, geothermal binary power plant, Bagnore Introduction Geothermal energy exploitation for electric power production is possible by utilizing two main systems: Steam turbines and Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) binary power plants [1]. Whilst steam turbines with an axial configuration have tradi- tionally been the technology of choice, the organic cycle possess the flexibility to be expanded utilizing axial, radial inflow or screw expanders. An innovative turbine configuration for geothermal applica- tions was developed by the Italian turbine manufacturer EXERGY. The technology, known as the organic radial outflow turbine was designed, engineered, manufactured and tested in Italy. A 1 MWe geothermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) equipped with the EXERGY radial outflow turbine has been in operation since early 2013. Despite other experimental ORC units tested in Italy previ- ously, the patented EXERGY radial outflow turbine represents the first commercial geothermal organic turbine operating in Italy, and the world’s first operation of a radial outflow turbine in any ORC application. The turbine was delivered to ENEL Green Power and installed in the Bagnore geothermal site at Monte Amiata, Tuscany (Italy). The Radial Outflow Turbine As shown in figure 1, in a radial outflow turbine the organic fluid enters the disk axially in its center and expands radially through a series of stages mounted on the single disk. At the discharge of the last rotor row the flow passes through a radial diffuser and is then conveyed to the recuperator and/or condensa- tion section of the system, through the discharge volute. In the early 20th century, Parsons-Siemens and Ljungstrom developed the first steam based radial outflow turbines [2]. These Figure 1. 3D cross section of the radial outflow turbine. early model turbines required a large number of stages. For very high enthalpy drop fluids, such as steam, a single-disk/multi stage configuration was therefore deemed not suitable due to the very large diameter disk necessary to accommodate all the required stages. No further development of the radial outflow turbines oc- curred, as they were phased out for steam applications by axial turbines. ORCs operating with geothermal resources have significant differences with regards to traditional steam Rankine cycles. The principal features of organic fluids and the consequent thermo- dynamic cycle are : • High molecular weight • Low critical pressure • Low enthalpy head • Low difference in temperature and in pressure along the expansion • Low volumetric flows 755PDF Image | The Geothermal Radial Outflow Turbine
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