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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT stage turbines are applicable for various low-power generation applications (<20 kW), such as in domestic and rural areas and remote off-grid communities. The preliminary mean-line design (PD) model of small-scale turbines (i.e. axial and radial turbines) based on losses model has been considered in many studies in literature. However, the limitation with preliminary mean-line design model of turbine, it is developed for obtaining velocity triangles, turbine dimensions without consideration for flow inside the stator/rotor passage, which has effectively influence on providing efficient expansion through the passage. In terms of 3D CFD analysis for the radial-inflow turbine (RIT), Harinck et al. (2013) achieved it for a Tri- O-Gen RIT with 2D optimization for the stator. It was manufactured and tested for a 5 kW ORC system with toluene as the working fluid. Sauret and Gu (2014) completed a 3D simulation process of a 400 kW ORC RIT with R143a as the working fluid at mass flow rate of 17.24 kg/s for geothermal applications. Their results showed the maximum isentropic efficiency of 83.5%. Fiaschi et al. (2016) performed mean-line design and 3D CFD simulation of the rotor of a micro ORC RIT based on R134a as the working fluid at a mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s. Their results indicated that the maximum variation between the PD and CFD was 11.6% in terms of power output. The CFD results showed that the turbine isentropic efficiency of 71.76% and power of 5.162 kW were achieved. Russell et al. (2016) completed a design and simulation process for a 7 kW ORC RIT. The maximum turbine efficiency was about 76%, with R245fa as the working fluid. Li and Ren (2016) carried out 3D CFD simulation for the RIT with R123 as the working fluid at mass flow rate of 21.2 kg/s and expansion ratio of 8. The turbine isentropic efficiency, system thermal efficiency and net power were 84.33%, 13.5% and 534 kW respectively. Rahbar et al. (2016) optimized the transonic rotor of a two-stage RIT working with R245fa and an expansion ratio of 10, using the genetic algorithm. The optimization results indicated that the maximum turbine and ORC system’s efficiencies were 88% and 14.8% respectively, corresponding to the power output of 26.35 kW at the mass flow rate of 0.8768 kg/s. For an axial flow turbine (AFT), Moroz et al. (2013) presented the detailed design of a 250 kW AFT for an ORC power unit with R245fa at low-temperatures up to 150 °C. The structural optimization was carried out to reduce the rotor weight to an acceptable stress. The reported turbine efficiency achieved as a result from the turbine optimization was 81.7%. Al Jubori et al. (2016) developed a micro-scale ORC based on single-stage axial and radial-inflow turbines and five organic fluids for low-temperature heat sources. The PD and three- dimensional CFD analysis were conducted for both configurations. The results showed that the AFT was competitive to the RIT at the mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s with the maximum ORC efficiency of 10.60% based on 3PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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