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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT the RIT compared with 10.14% based on the AFT. Al Jubori et al. (2017a) also developed a new methodology that integrated small-scale ORC system modelling with 1D, 3D CFD analysis and optimization of the single- stage AFT based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). As the working fluids, six organic fluids were investigated. The optimization results exhibited that the maximum turbine and ORC efficiencies and power output were 88%, 10.5% and 6.3 kW respectively with R123 working fluid. While for a radial-outflow turbine (ROT), Persico et al. (2015) performed three-dimensional CFD aerodynamic analysis of small-scale ROT cascades. The results showed the efficiency obtained by CFD analysis to be higher than estimated by a preliminary design model. Al Jubori et al. (2017b) performed 1D and 3D CFD analysis of small-scale ORC based on single-stage axial and radial outflow turbines with five working fluid namely (R141b, R245fa, R365mfc, isobutane, n-pentane). Their results showed that the maximum turbine performance was based on axial configuration with turbine efficiency of 82.5% and a power output of 15.15 kW at mass flow rate of 0.7 kg/s. In terms of experimental investigation, Pei et al. (2011) designed and tested an RIT for an ORC system with R123 as the working fluid and the inlet turbine temperature of about 100 °C. Their experimental results showed the turbine and ORC thermal efficiencies of 65% and 6.8% respectively. Kang (2012) constructed an ORC system based on an RIT operating with R245fa. The experimental results exhibited that the turbine and ORC’s efficiencies were 78.7% and 5.22% with power of 32.7 kW. Ssebabi et al. (2015) manufactured the rotor for the RIT kit for low-grade waste heat recovery application with R123 as the working fluid. Their experimental performance had very low isentropic efficiency between (6-10%). Pu et al. (2016) performed an experimental study of a small-scale axial turbine for ORC system based on HFE7100 and R245fa as the working fluids. Their results exhibited the turbine and cycle efficiencies were 59.7% and 4.01% respectively with corresponding power of 1.979 kW. Kang (2016) investigated experimentally a two-stage RIT to improve the ORC’s system performance with an expansion ratio of 11.6 and an evaporator temperature of 116 °C. The results indicated the turbine and ORC system’s efficiencies and power were 68.5%, 9.8% and 39.0 kW respectively. The accurate evaluation of the achievable small-scale ORC turbine performance (i.e. efficiency and power) entails experimental data which is currently lacking and costly in terms of a prototype. Therefore, there is need for a more advanced technique such as using 3D CFD analysis, to deliver more accurate prediction regarding small-scale ORC turbines’ performance. Consequently, this paper aims to present new performance maps for the small-scale ORC system powered by low-grade heat sources (<100 °C) and the low-mass flow rate based on 4PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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