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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT vapour of the organic fluid on the T-s diagram, it is characterised into dry, isentropic and wet organic fluids. The dry and isentropic organic fluids are more suitable for low-grade temperature applications since the expansion after the turbine will be in the superheated zone as presented on the T-s (i.e. Temperature-entropy) diagram in Fig. 1a and b. This feature considerably reduces the turbine maintenance and evaporator size requirements, leading to a reduced capital cost of the ORC system by alleviating concerns about the existence of liquid droplets of working fluid in the rotor stage, i.e. without needing to the preheat equipment, as shown in Fig. 1a and b. In Table 1, the working fluids are selected based on these criteria, and they are recommended in literature as a suitable for low temperature heat sources application. Moreover, according to their slopes of the saturation vapor curve are classified as dry working fluids (Bao and Zhao, 2012). Table 1 Summary of physical and environmental properties for three working fluids. Fluid R141b R245fa Isopentane Mol. weight (g/mol) 116.95 134.05 72.149 Tnbp (K) 305.05 288.14 300.98 (a) Tcr (K) 480 426 460.35 Pcr (kPa) 4460 3610 3378 ODP 0.12 0 0 GWP (100 yr) 725 950 20 (b) Fig.1. T-s diagram of dry organic fluid (a), T-s diagram of three investigated fluids (b). 2.2 Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system modelling The recuperative organic Rankine cycle includes evaporator, turbine, condenser, recuperator and pump as shown in Fig. 2. In the present work, the subcritical ORC system is investigated to avoid the complexity and alleviation concerns regarding to safety and high-pressure systems. The assumptions of steady-state operating condition and neglecting the pressure and heat losses through the connected pipes in the ORC system are considered. The heat added from the heat source is obtained from equation (1) as following: 6PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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