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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 6. CFD results The turbine isentropic efficiency and power output as a global performance for five turbine configurations (i.e. single-stage axial, radial-inflow, radial-outflow and two-stage axial and radial-out flow turbines) are sensitive to expansion ratio, mass flow rate, specific speed, and turbine size in terms of specific diameter at nominal design conditions (i.e. Table 5) and off-design conditions, as displayed in Figs. 12-16 as parametric analyses. These configurations are investigated based on the 3D CFD analysis in order to explore which delivers the best turbine performance leading to high thermal system efficiency under available operating conditions with three organic working fluids. It is evident from Fig. 12a,b that the two-stage axial and radial-outflow turbine configurations have a considerably higher overall turbine isentropic efficiency and power output at an expansion ratio of about 6.0; where the expansion ratio is defined based on the pressure ratio. It is also clear from Fig. 12a,b that the maximum overall efficiency of the two-stage axial and radial-outflow turbines was 84.64% and 82.90% respectively; compared with 81.55% and 78.48% for the single-stage configuration with R245fa as the working fluid. For all single-stage turbine configurations, the reduction in turbine isentropic efficiency at a high-pressure ratio is due to the probability of chocking, which occurs at a large expansion ratio when the turbine stage runs at off-design points. It is clear from Fig. 12b that the maximum total power output from the two-stage turbine configuration is considerably higher than the single-stage configuration for all types of turbine; where the maximum provided power output from the two-stage configuration was 15.798 kW and 14.331 kW for axial and radial-outflow turbines respectively, with the working fluid R245fa. (a) (b) Fig.12. Variation of the turbine isentropic efficiency (a) and power (b) with expansion ratio for all turbines configurations at 𝑚 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 with R245fa working fluids. 21PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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