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Energies 2019, 12, 2791 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 22 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 7 of 22 Figure 5. Schematic of the mesh used in the simulations (case 3). Figure 5. Schematic of the mesh used in the simulations (case 3). Figure 5. Schematic of the mesh used in the simulations (case 3). 4. Validation of Bidirectional Turbine 4. Validation of Bidirectional Turbine 4. Validation of Bidirectional Turbine The bidirectional turbine (described in Section 2 with the specifications given in Table 1) was The bidirectional turbine (described in Section 2 with the specifications given in Table 1) was The bidirectional turbine (described in Section 2 with the specifications given in Table 1) was experimentally tested by Setoguchi et al. [35] and was used for validation of the numerical model in experimentally tested by Setoguchi et al. [35] and was used for validation of the numerical model in experimentally tested by Setoguchi et al. [35] and was used for validation of the numerical model in this study. The CFD predicted results of the torque coefficient, input coefficient and efficiency were this study. The CFD predicted results of the torque coefficient, input coefficient and efficiency were 7 of 22 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Flow coefficient Flow coefficient CT CT CA CA Efficiency Efficiency Figure 4. Results of grid independency study considering case 4 as the reference. Figure 4. Results of grid independency study considering case 4 as the reference. Figure 4. Results of grid independency study considering case 4 as the reference. this study. The CFD predicted results of the torque coefficient, input coefficient and efficiency were compared with the published experimental measurements of case (1) in [35]. The experimental results compared with the published experimental measurements of case (1) in [35]. The experimental results compared with the published experimental measurements of case (1) in [35]. The experimental results were reported to have one percent uncertainty and are labelled as EXP (−) (having −1% uncertainty) were reported to have one percent uncertainty and are labelled as EXP (−) (having −1% uncertainty) were reported to have one percent uncertainty and are labelled as EXP (−) (having −1% uncertainty) and EXP (+) (having +1% uncertainty). As illustrated in Figure 6, in both inhalation and exhalation and EXP (+) (having +1% uncertainty). As illustrated in Figure 6, in both inhalation and exhalation and EXP (+) (having +1% uncertainty). As illustrated in Figure 6, in both inhalation and exhalation modes, the numerical solution predicts a similar trend to the test results. The simulated results are in a modes, the numerical solution predicts a similar trend to the test results. The simulated results are in modes, the numerical solution predicts a similar trend to the test results. The simulated results are in better agreement at lower flow coefficients (0 < φ < 1) and the peak efficiency points for both inhalation a better agreement at lower flow coefficients (0 < φ < 1) and the peak efficiency points for both a better agreement at lower flow coefficients (0 < φ < 1) and the peak efficiency points for both and exhalation fall in this range. Although, the deviation increases at higher flow rates, the CFD results inhalation and exhalation fall in this range. Although, the deviation increases at higher flow rates, cionrhraelsaptioondarnedaseoxnhaabllaytitonthfaellexinpethrims reanntagled. Aatlathaonudgphr,otvhieddeecvoinafitidoennicnecrineatsheesactchuirgahcyerofflothwe rCaFteDs, the CFD results correspond reasonably to the experimental data and provide confidence in the mthoedeClFuDserdetsoulotsptcimorirsestphoenrdadriealsountawbalyrdtoflotwhetuerxbpienrei.mental data and provide confidence in the accuracy of the CFD model used to optimise the radial outward flow turbine. accuracy of the CFD model used to optimise the radial outward flow turbine. %%DDeveivaitaitoinonfrformomCCasaese44PDF Image | Unidirectional Radial-Air-Turbine OWC Wave Energy Converters
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