PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 003
2 L. Guillaume et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Nomenclature Acronyms APS absolute pressure sensor CFM Coriolis flow meter GHG GreanHouse Gases GWP Global Warming Potential ODP Ozone Depletion Potential ORC Organic Rankine Cycle PP pinch point TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature WHR Waste Heat Recovery Subscripts cd condenser cf cold fluid el electrical ev evaporator ex exhaust exp expander hf hot fluid HP high pressure l liquid LP low pressure pp pump rec recuperator s isentropic sc sub-cooled sh super-heated su supply sub subcooler tur turbine v vapor Symbols cp spec. heat capacity (kJ/kg K) D difference g efficiency e efficiency h spec. enthalpy (kJ/kg) m_ mass flow (kg/s) p pressure (bar) Q_ Thermal power (kW) T temperature (C) Vr Volume ratio (–) W_ Electrical power (kW) 1. Introduction It is now accepted that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from human activities are enhancing the global warming effect keeping the earth at a temperature higher than it would otherwise be [1]. In the last twenty years, the world energy consumption has increased by more than 30% [2] despite the adoption by the United Nations on Climate Change of the Kyoto Protocol [3]. Alone, the EU is responsible for around 10% of the global emis- sions of greenhouse gases. Nearly 80% of these emissions come from the production and use of energy and transport [4]. Looking at the situation as it was in 2012 in Europe in terms of GHG emis- sions (Fig. 1a), it can be seen that the transport sector is responsi- ble of about one fifth of these emissions. It is also pointed out by the european commission that ‘‘Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV) repre- sent about a quarter of EU road transport CO2 emissions and some 6% of the total EU emissions [5]”. For a long time, the EU has stressed the need to limit global warming to 2 C maximum. However, despite recent improve- ments in fuel consumption efficiency, HDV emissions are still ris- ing, mainly because of the increasing number of vehicles in traffic. Nowadays, HDV are the second-biggest source of CO2 emis- sions within the transport sector, i.e. larger than both international aviation and shipping. As a result, the reduction of the CO2 emis- sions from HDV has become a strategic goal of the EU. ‘‘As part of the EU’s future strategy to address HDV fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, a number of actions can be considered that will result in: improved vehicle efficiency through new engines, materials and design, ! 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. cleaner energy use through new fuels and propulsion systems, better use of networks and more efficient fleet operation, with the support of information and communication systems. [5]” A very promising solution is the re-use of the waste heat, which is about 60% of the combustion energy. Transforming this heat in mechanical or electrical energy will enable to increase the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle. Consequently, the fuel consump- tion and the CO2 emissions will be reduced. The heat re-use can be performed by means of a thermody- namic cycle (e.g. organic or non-organic Rankine cycles) using the waste heat as energy source as it is being adopted for large sta- tionary applications. However the adoption of such technology in the automotive domain requires specific R&D activities to identify the most appro- priate system architecture and integration level so to achieve sus- tainable cost and the reliability requirements. Among other, the transient behavior of the engine, the selection of the heat sources, the limited additional heat rejection capacity of the truck, the use of the energy produced by the expansion machine and the impact on the engine of the back pressure caused by the evaporator [6] are as many challenges to overcome during the design of the WHR system. A major part of these research activities is also specially dedi- cated to the selection of the working fluid and of the expansion machine. The working fluid selection process has been widely investigated in several studies [7–11]. For instance, Macian et al. [12] selected R245fa and water for their optimization of a bottom- ing Rankine cycle. Nonetheless no universal optimal fluid is indi- cated since the choice is highly dependent on the target bearings for various oil temperatures and mass flow rates. In order to identify the most suitable fluid for the Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) application, three comparison methods are proposed and discussed based on the measurements. Finally, because the turbine-generator set is the first oil-free prototype developed by the manufacturer, potential sources of improvements are discovered and discussed. Please cite this article in press as: Guillaume L et al. Performance of a radial-inflow turbine integrated in an ORC system and designed for a WHR on truck application: An experimental comparison between R245fa and R1233zd. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.012PDF Image | WHR on truck ORC radial inflow turbine integrated
PDF Search Title:
WHR on truck ORC radial inflow turbine integratedOriginal File Name Searched:
orc-radial-turbine-truck-application.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |