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application. A detailed list of the guidelines and indicators that should be taken into account when selecting an organic fluid for power generation are reported in [13]. Several couples of working fluid and expansion machine used in ORC systems to recover the waste heat from vehicles also have been considered in literature. Zheng et al. investigated a rolling piston to recover the waste heat of a low temperature (90C) heat source [14]. Costall selected toluene in a design methodology of a radial turbo expander [15]. Song et al. considered a screw expander using water for the LT loop in the analyze of the performance of a dual-loop ORC [16]. Di Battista et al. investigated a rotary vane expander using R236fa for the waste heat recovery of a light duty engine [17]. A significant number of studies dedicated to the waste heat recovery on trucks using Organic Rankine Cycles systems is also available [18–22] but only a few of them are considering experi- mental investigations [23,24]. In the present study, an experimental campaign is achieved to compare the performance of an ORC system equipped with a radial-inflow turbine for two working fluids: R245fa and its prob- able substitute R1233zd. The turbine is an innovative small-scale prototype designed to convert the heat wasted in the exhaust gases and recirculated gases (EGR) of a truck. It was developed mainly using components of truck turbochargers and it is directly connected to a high-speed synchronous generator. The bearings system of the turbine and the generator have the particularity to be respectively lubricated and cooled down by the working fluid so no additional lubricant or coolant is needed. A test rig integrating the turbine was built where the heat wasted by the truck through the exhaust gases is simulated using an electric oil boiler associated with the ORC loop. The electrical power supplied by the turbine, limited to a maximum of 3.5 kWe by the generator, is then dissipated in a load bank composed of truck fans while the condenser is cooled by a water loop. Measurements in steady-state are performed in order to evalu- ate the performance of the turbine-generator set when varying the pressure ratio, the rotational speed, the inlet temperature and the mass flow rate of the turbine and the lubrication flow rate of the bearings for various oil temperatures and mass flow rates. The cycle operates between a maximum heat source tempera- ture of 180 C and a minimum heat sink temperature of 10 C. Based on the measurements, the thermodynamic performance of the ORC unit are evaluated and compared for the two fluids. A particular attention is dedicated to the analysis of the turbine- generator set which is a key component in affecting the perfor- mance of the ORC unit. The other ORC components are classical components used in refrigeration systems and are not representa- tive of the truck application. The impact on the engine of the back- pressure caused by the pressure drop in the evaporator can obviously not be measured and there is no limit on the condenser heat rejection. Three methods of experimental comparison are established and discussed in order to identify the most suitable fluid: A first comparison between the fluids is achieved for same evaporating and condensing temperature levels. This is an objective comparison of the two fluids in case of exact same heat sources and heat sinks temperatures and mass flow profiles. A second comparison between the fluids is performed for same condensing temperature and evaporating pressure levels. This comparison is adapted to the waste heat recovery application where the evaporating pressure can be optimized if it is not lim- ited by the temperature and mass flow rate conditions of the heat source. A comparison between the fluids for same evaporating and con- densing pressure levels that allows in identifying the impact of the used working fluid on the turbine performance. Finally, potential sources of improvements are discussed based on the experimental measurements, the oil-free turbine-generator prototype being the first of the kind developed by the manufacturer. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. ORC system A schematic and a picture of the layout of the ORC test rig are given in Fig. 2a and c respectively. The system is equipped with the prototype of turbine-generator set. The radial-inflow turbine itself consists of three main parts, the volute, the stator and the rotor as depicted in Fig. 2b. Thus, the incoming fluid is accelerated and distributed uniformly around the periphery of the stator by the volute. Further acceleration and increase in the circumferential component of velocity is pro- vided by the stator which is constituted of nozzles. Then the kinetic energy of the fluid is converted into mechanical energy as it expands through the rotor [25]. This turbine was developed mainly using components of truck turbochargers and directly coupled to a high speed electrical generator. In order to achieve the lubrication of the bearings system and the cooling of the generator with the working fluid, two lines go directly from the pump outlet to the bearings and generator casings respectively, in parallel to the main flow driven to the evaporator, as shown in Fig. 2a. The variable speed membrane pump, through an asynchronous generator, is connected to an inverter that allows controlling the L. Guillaume et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 3 Fig. 1. Context of the WHR on HDV through ORC systems. Please cite this article in press as: Guillaume L et al. Performance of a radial-inflow turbine integrated in an ORC system and designed for a WHR on truck application: An experimental comparison between R245fa and R1233zd. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.012PDF Image | WHR on truck ORC radial inflow turbine integrated
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