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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Thermal energy balances Thermal energy balances over the evaporator, the condenser and the turbine for both R245fa and R1233zd are expressed for the sixty-six measurements points. An uncertainty propagation study is performed and results are shown and explained in Appendix A. 4.2. Link between mass flow rate, reduced mass flow rate and pressure ratio Expressing the mass flow rate of the turbine as a function of the pressure ratio leads, for the sixty-six measurement points, to Fig. 3. In this figure, linear relations between the mass flow rate and the pressure ratio can be deduced for each fluid (three and two rela- tions for R245fa and R1233zd respectively). Each straight corre- spond to one of the investigated condensing pressures for each fluid. This means that, in fact, the mass flow rate of the turbine depends only on the turbine inlet pressure. This is why, among other, the two linear relations obtained with R1233zd are con- founded with two of those obtained with R245fa. They correspond to same condensing pressure levels in addition to the fact that the fluids have very similar thermophysical properties. The use of the reduced mass flow rate should be preferred. Thus, a single linear relation now fits the evolution of the reduced mass flow rate as a function of the pressure ratio presented in Fig. 4. As it can be observed, this relation is valid for both fluids and the differ- ent investigated condensing pressure levels. 4.3. Performance comparison for same temperature levels A thermodynamic comparison of both working fluids for same condensing and evaporating temperature levels is certainly the most objective comparison. It enables to compare the performance of a single system, using the two fluids, in the case of same heat source and heat sink conditions. In practice, the objective function of a WHRORC is generally to maximize the power output of the system [13]. From the Definition (6), it can be deduced that maximizing the power output of the expansion machine is achieved by optimizing the pressure ratio, the inlet temperature (TIT), the rotational speed and the mass flow rate of the expansion machine. These magnitudes are linked together and, aside from the temperature and the rotational speed, in the case of the studied radial turbine, the relation between the pressure ratio and the mass flow rate is linear (Figs. 3 and 4). Max- imizing the output power of the turbine is therefore achieved by maximizing the pressure ratio (and therefore the mass flow rate) inside the design operating range of [2–5]. However, the maximal evaporating pressure and the minimal condensing pressure are, for given heat source and heat sink con- ditions, limited by the efficiency of the heat exchangers. There is L. Guillaume et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 7 Fig. 4. Evolution of the reduced mass flow rate as a function of the pressure ratio for both fluids. Fig. 5. Comparison between evaporating and condensing temperature levels for both fluids. Fig. 3. Evolution of the mass flow rate as a function of the pressure ratio for both fluids. Please cite this article in press as: Guillaume L et al. Performance of a radial-inflow turbine integrated in an ORC system and designed for a WHR on truck application: An experimental comparison between R245fa and R1233zd. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.012PDF Image | WHR on truck ORC radial inflow turbine integrated
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