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ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 In general, present worth is based on ownership of the device over 10 years for a given application and includes the following factors: • Efficiency • Cycle Life • Initial Capital Costs • Operations and Maintenance • Storage-device Replacement. Thus the present worth (or present value) calculation includes not only capital cost, but operating costs as well. The most important characteristics include round-trip electrical energy efficiency (kWh out/kWh in) and cycle life. Because cycle life (or number of discharges before replacement is required) is an important cost driver, the use of the system, as defined by the planned application, must be considered. The costs in Table III are based on certain standard assumptions for the applications and technologies considered, and on expert opinion. They are meant to be used for comparative purposes. The actual costs of any storage system depend on many factors and the assumptions and means of calculating some of the values used are subjective. Technology Advanced Lead-acid Batteries (2000 cycle life) Sodium/sulfur Batteries Lead-acid Batteries (w/Carbon-enhanced electrodes) Zinc/bromine Batteries Lithium-ion Batteries (large) CAES Pumped hydro Flywheels (high speed composite) Supercapacitors Cost Power Energy Storage Subsystem Subsystem $/kW $/kWh 400 330 350 350 400 330 400 400 400 600 700 5 1200 75 600 1600 500 10000 Round-trip Efficiency % 80 75 75 70 85 N/A (70) 85 95 95 Cycles 2000 3000 20000 3000 4000 25000 25000 25000 25000 Table III: Cost and performance assumptions4 Vanadium Redox Batteries 400 600 65 5000 Based on the expected life time costs, the VRB-ESS offers an attractive solution with both economic and technical benefits for an installation in Alaska, in the form of peak shaving/load balancing, where spikes of demand are met by the battery; stand-alone off- grid power system that could meet remote area energy requirements; and back-up power solution to protect sensitive systems. 4 SANDIA Report: Energy Storage Systems Cost Update – A Study for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program, SAND2011-2730, April 2011. ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 28 | P a g ePDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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