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must be cost-effective. Of course, these complications could be avoided by finding inexpensive, stable and easy-to-handle organic redox couples and solvents. Conclusion Several general points may be made: 1. The majority of academic studies focus on the development of catalysts tested in small electrochemical cells. However, they are not realistic for advancing the technology of RFB; they are limited to short term laboratory experiments and, in general, the figures of merit such as mass transport, space time velocity or pressure drop suitable for scale-up, are not reported. The durability of the stack, catalyst and electrode materials still receive insufficient attention. 2. The reaction environment in many cells remains unclear, due to inadequate attention to experimental measurements on the distribution of current, potential, concentration and flow velocity; flow visualisation studies are rarely reported; on-line determination of accurate SOC is still under development. 3. Simplified computational models tend to be used, being validated in fewer cases than expected. 3D models extended the scope beyond flow dynamics into the assessment of current distribution, mechanical considerations and shunt currents. 4. The use of small electrodes and cells in poorly defined flow channels does not provide current-electrode area data which will scale-up in a linear fashion, due to maldistribution of current and flow. Examples of studies employing representative electrode sizes are found in references [96] and [26]. 13PDF Image | Redox flow batteries for energy storage challenges
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