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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications This thesis studies vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB); VRFB were first proposed in 1978 and further developed in the 1980s by Maria Skyllas-Kazakos at the University of New South Wales [13]. The VRFB is currently the most extensively researched redox flow battery technology [16]. This is a redox flow battery that uses as electrolyte, on both sides of the cell, vanadium salts dissolved in aqueous sulfuric acid. Since vanadium has four oxidation states, V2+, V3+, V4+ and V5+ [13], two redox couples are formed, V2+/V3+ and V4+/V5+ [16], and so, oxidation and reduction reactions occur at same time in each half-cell of the battery. The VRFB stands out from the other flow batteries since it has higher cycle lifetime, lower self- discharge rate and no ion crossover contamination due to the use vanadium on the positive and negative electrode. [13, 17]. Other advantages of VRFB include fast response time, low maintenance costs and high depth of discharge (DoD) capabilities [18]. Some of the drawbacks of VRFB include lower energy density when compared to the conventional battery technologies, toxicity of the vanadium solution, since sulfuric acid is corrosive and vanadium is a heavy metal, and the high corrosive strength of VO2+ and VO2+ are also important drawbacks [13, 16]. 1.3 Presentation of the company VisBlue Aps was named after the combination of the Latin term Vis viva, that means “living force”, and blue, meaning sustainable and cheap energy. VisBlue Aps is a spinout company from Universities of Aarhus and Porto. It was created in 2014 and aims at developing, fabricate and commercialise vanadium redox flow batteries for stationary applications. 1.4 Thesis objective The general objective of this work was to gain insight on the mechanisms of capacity fade in VRFB with respect to charge/discharge profile and ion exchange membrane type. The specific objective of this thesis was to develop a low cost and effective method to determine vanadium ions concentration to assess the capacity fade of two vanadium redox flow battery systems with different type of membrane, one with anion (FAP450) and one with cation exchange membranes. The state of charge, at the end of charging and discharging step for several cycles was measured, performance limiting tanks were identified and electrolyte imbalance was analysed to better understanding of capacity fade mechanisms. Chapter 1: Introduction 5PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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