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with a predominantly Fe2O3 stoichiometery and was reduced at 500°C in an anaerobic environment while in contact with oleic acid. The organic is consumed, leaving an all inorganic nanoporous network of Fe3O4. Exposure to air at ~300°C rapidly effects recovery of the Fe2O3 nanostructure. Although the monodisperse 7 and 15 nm grains in the model systems greatly aid imaging and modeling of the process, control of particle size in real world applications is likely to be useful for optimization of surface area and of the interconnected nature of the internal grain boundaries and pores to maximize the rate of oxygen uptake and release. An area of potential interest in new oxygen carrier design is the greater compliance of nanosize grain that may aid in oxygen uptake/release and facilitate ionic transport in the body of the grains. Basic Science Challenges and Opportunities Solid sorbents have a huge potential for selective uptake and release of targeted gases in connection with reducing CO2 emissions in or eliminating them from the atmosphere, whether precombustion or postcombustion. For this potential to be realized, some key fundamental needs have been identified: • Development of new and improved materials with novel architectures and functionalities that will optimize the selective uptake and release of a targeted gas. This would include development of materials with tailored 3D architectures and appropriate functional groups that facilitate the reversible absorption of target gases. • A better understanding of the key structural features associated with the efficient, selective sorption of CO2. This could be approached both theoretically, through molecular modeling, and empirically, through structure/properties relationships studies in solid sorbents. • Development of new characterization techniques that allow in situ monitoring of gas sorption and real-time analysis of accompanying structural transformations in the sorbent material. • Identification of new triggers for selective capture and release of gases that drastically reduce the current energy penalties. Nearly 35% of the energy generated in a coal-fired plant can be consumed by carbon capture technologies. So-called smart materials could provide new means of binding and releasing targeted gases without high energy costs. • Exploration of cooperative phenomena for low-net-enthalpy of cycling. CO2 absorption/desorption could be coupled with a structural transition in the sorbent so that the overall process is more thermoneutral, alleviating the huge energetic penalty associated with the stripping. Successfully addressing these scientific challenges requires advanced control over the structure and dynamics of the sorbent materials. Although we have witnessed significant recent progress along this direction, we still know little about designing complexity in a controlled fashion on the atomic and nano scales, and our understanding regarding what makes a sorbent a good carbon capture material remains rudimentary. The magnitude of these challenges calls for a collective research effort that combines new theoretical methods with advances in materials synthesis and characterization, as well as thermodynamic and kinetic studies of gas sorption. 22PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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