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Figure 8. Photomicrograph of a hollow fiber gas separation membrane showing the graded porosity in the wall of the fiber and the ultrathin (~100 nm) separating layer at the outer wall of the fiber. Source: D. Wang, K. Li, and W. K. Teo, “Preparation of poly(ether sulfone) and poly(ether imide) hollow fiber membranes for gas separation: Effect of internal coagulant,” in ACS Symposium Series Vol. 744: Membrane Formation and Modification, eds. I. Pinnau and B. D. Freeman, 96–109 (1999). which include zirconia doped with materials such as Y2O3, Sc2O3, and others, may be energy-intensive. Mixed conductors employ electrons in the membrane to combine with O2 to create negatively charged ions, minimizing or even eliminating the need for current as a driving force for oxygen ion transport. These materials are usually composed of multiple phases that include an oxygen-ion-conducting material, such as doped zirconia, and a conducting material, such as a metal or metal oxide with high electronic conductivity. However, some single-phase materials have been reported that have high oxygen ion conductivity.13 Hybrid membranes composed of inorganic materials in a polymer matrix have been reported. These hybrid materials have the potential to bring together the best of both inorganic and polymer materials—offering high-temperature stability, long service life, and enhanced selectivity. Although these materials have high potential, further advances are needed to fully assess their utility in large-scale gas separations. Existing membranes have limitations that hinder their application in CO2 capture and other important molecular separations. For example, polymeric membranes are subject to a tradeoff relationship in which materials tend to have high permeability or high selectivity, depending on their chemical structure, but not both.14,15 This behavior is illustrated in Figure 9, in which H2/N2 selectivity, α, is presented as a function of H2 permeability for many polymers. Each point on this graph represents the H2 permeability and H2/N2 selectivity of a particular polymer. Generally, polymers with high permeability have low selectivity, and vice versa. Materials are more permeable to H2 than to N2 because H2 diffusion is faster than N2 diffusion in polymer membranes. High selectivity is important to improve the degree of separation possible, and high permeability is needed to reduce the 30PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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