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membrane area required to process a given amount of gas. To meet the requirements for efficient, large-scale isolation of CO2, O2, or other gases from a complex mixture, it is necessary to develop membranes with both high selectivity and high permeability—that is, having properties above the upper bound shown in Figure 9. To achieve such goals will require the development of new classes of membranes, including those made of revolutionary new materials with improved selectivity/permeability characteristics and those incorporating new transport mechanisms. Currently available membranes have other issues that limit their practical applications for gas separations. In challenging operating environments, such as those expected for CO2 capture, the performance and mechanical stability of membranes can be compromised. Harmful contaminants in the gas streams, as well as high temperatures and/or pressures, can adversely impact membrane performance and long-term productivity. For example, in polymer membranes, phenomena such as plasticization induced by highly sorbing species reduce the size-sieving ability. Consequently, the gas permeability observed in single-gas experiments often appears much more promising than results from real systems that contain mixtures of CO2 and other components, such as methane, nitrogen, and hydrogen. In metal membranes, trace components, such as sulfur compounds, poison the membrane surface and ultimately limit transport of the desired molecules. There is a clear need for robust materials that can be fabricated into complex membrane structures while maintaining good transport properties. However, development of these next-generation materials will require new understanding of the separation mechanisms in these material, as well as new strategies for materials synthesis and new capabilities in computational tools to guide the design of robust materials and model their performance. Most of today’s best-performing polymer membranes are highly amorphous, nonequilibrium glassy polymers. Consequently, another challenge for current membranes is time-dependent behavior caused by physical aging. Figure 10 shows an example of this effect for a polyimide used for nitrogen production from air. The main limitation of oxygen separation via inorganic membranes is that a thinner membrane is needed for higher conductance, and as membrane thickness decreases, so does stability. In addition, in mixed-ion electronic conductor membranes used for O2 separation Glassy Polymers Rubbery Polymers Upper Bound 103 102 αH2/N 2 101 100 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 H2 Permeability× 1010 [cm3 (STP)cm/(cm2 s cmHg) Figure 9. Permeability/selectivity tradeoff as illustrated for the separation of mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen. Rigid, glassy polymers, which are often more highly size-sieving (i.e., have higher diffusivity selectivity) than flexible, rubbery polymers, populate the frontier of this cloud of data points; the line, called the upper bound, provides a measure of the best known combinations of permeability and selectivity.14,15 Revolutionary new membranes are needed to achieve permeability/selectivity characteristics beyond the upper bound limitations. 31PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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