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Phase Diagram Figure 11. Forming asymmetric hollow fiber membranes involves solution processing of polymers to a highly nonequilibrium state. The spin dope (labeled 1 on the phase diagram) contains polymer dissolved in solvent and potentially other additives. This dope is fed to a spinneret and the nascent fiber is extruded into a nonsolvent quench bath (typically water), which precipitates a rapid phase separation process (1 → 1’) to form the porous support structure. After leaving the spinneret and before entering the quench bath, solvent evaporates from the outer surface of the fiber (1 → 2 on the phase diagram), forming the dense skin, which is the selective membrane. When this skin is quenched in the bath, the polymer in the separating layer is kinetically trapped in a nonequilibrium state. Courtesy of Professor W. J. Koros, Georgia Tech. would mean revolutionary improvements in the efficiency of membrane preparation and provide access to new families of materials that could be used. Such processes could employ self-assembly of polymeric materials into hierarchical structures, taking a cue from processes found in nature. To achieve a 90% reduction in CO2 emissions from existing coal-fired power plants, current membrane processes will use about 20% of the electricity generated.18 Therefore, there is a need to dramatically reduce the amount of energy required for separation to minimize the impact on process requirements. Energy requirements could be reduced by breakthroughs in membrane materials with unprecedented transport properties and by harnessing alternative driving forces for separation. The major bottlenecks to reducing the energy required by membranes to efficiently capture carbon are • enhancing membrane selectivity while reducing requirements for energy-intensive temperature and pressure swings • overcoming the tradeoff between membrane permeability and selectivity • addressing the limited chemical and thermal stability of membranes • enabling the design and fabrication of controlled membrane architectures 33PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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