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Basic Science Challenges Much of the progress in membrane-based separations has been obtained by optimizing existing technologies. Such incremental advances will not meet the daunting challenges that carbon capture entails. Fundamental research is needed to enable the revolutionary breakthroughs required to produce effective membrane separation systems in the future. It is clear that there are a multitude of physical and chemical processes involved in the separation of multicomponent gas mixtures using membranes—all of which occur at the atomic and molecular level—and huge gaps in the knowledge of these processes. A further requirement of membrane materials is that they be designed to operate in extreme conditions (e.g., temperature, reactive chemicals); thus the stability and lifetimes of the materials must be carefully considered. Finally, separation processes are often driven by energy-intensive methods requiring changes in temperature and/or pressure to effect separations. Developing new membranes that meet the requirements for future carbon capture technologies is a challenge that requires breakthroughs in materials and chemical processes. The following research areas were defined. • Elucidate the atomic- and molecular-level processes that affect separation performance in membranes, including mechanisms of neutral, ion, and electron transport through a membrane. For example, in the case of mixed ion-electronic membranes used for O2 separation, understanding interfacial reactions could make it possible to optimize conversion and transport of ionic species. Once these myriad processes are understood, materials architectures could be designed to optimize separation, perhaps taking advantage of hierarchical structures, hybrid organic/inorganic structures, tailored functionalities (including catalytic sites), and other features to enhance transport and selectivity and improved stability (i.e., chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability). • Discover new approaches for driving membrane separations, including harnessing alternative driving forces or specific membrane-permeate interactions that can enable membrane-based separations that are less energy-intensive than conventional temperature and pressure swings. For example, an applied magnetic field might be used to alter the transport of a gas through a membrane channel. • Realize revolutionary concepts for the design of membrane separation systems that are inspired by nature, incorporating self-assembly and even self-repairing strategies, multifunctional structures, and wholly new approaches to achieve highly selective separations. Such processes could incorporate hybrid materials and even “smart” materials that would alter the transport of a targeted gas or ion upon application of a specific external trigger. All of these scientific challenges will require significant advances in characterization tools that can monitor multiple physical and chemical processes simultaneously under realistic conditions. Results from characterization studies will require advanced computational tools for modeling complex systems, which can, in turn, be used for designing materials, structures, and driving forces that will be incorporated in a new generation of membrane separation processes for reducing CO2 emissions. 34PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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