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Liquid absorbents for CO2 separations can be categorized into several classes, including water itself, chemically modified aqueous systems (including amines and nonaqueous organic solvents), and nonaqueous hybrids, like ionic liquids (see the sidebar “Ionic Liquids: Nonvolatile Solvents for CO2 Capture”). Each class of absorbent presents its own challenges to understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of gas separation. The current level of this understanding is far from what is needed to exploit known absorbents; further, other classes of absorbents remain to be discovered. The overarching challenge and opportunity is to use understanding to drive discovery of radically new, more efficient adsorbents that enable energy-efficient gas separations. Ionic liquids are a new class of salts that are liquid in their pure state near or below ambient temperatures. This sets them apart from common salts such as their familiar cousin sodium chloride (table salt), which melts at around 800°C. The oppositely charged ions in table salt are small (Na+ and Cl–) and pack neatly into an ordered, stable crystal. In contrast, large inorganic or organic ions are found to pack more loosely and thus to form low-melting ionic liquids. Ionic Liquids: Nonvolatile Solvents for CO2 Capture Image from a molecular simulation showing CO2 (two red oxygen atoms and a gray carbon atom) absorbing into the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl- imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Courtesy of E. Maginn, University of Notre Dame. Ionic liquids are being investigated for CO2 capture because they have many unique and highly desirable properties. They have a high intrinsic physical solubility for CO2, and even higher CO2 capacities can be achieved by adding functional groups that chemically react with CO2. They have high thermal stabilities, making them attractive for use in precombustion and postcombustion CO2 capture. They have essentially no vapor pressure, meaning they will not evaporate during use, and novel regeneration strategies may be possible. Most important, by altering the cation, anion, and functional groups, an almost limitless number of ionic liquids can be prepared, suggesting a rich area for future research. Research Directions Fundamental understanding of intermolecular interactions of gases dissolved in liquids The liquid state exists because of the intrinsic intermolecular interactions among the molecules. These interactions can be of many types and ultimately control the physical characteristics of the liquid, such as its density, viscosity (or resistance to flow), and boiling point. For single-component, simple liquids characteristic of physical solvents, these intermolecular interactions and their consequences are fairly well understood from both extensive experimentation and classical molecular simulation. However, for liquids that have 44PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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