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additional types of interactions, such as electrolytic liquids (e.g., aqueous, ionic liquids) or structured liquids (e.g., microemulsions) the connections among structure, composition, temperature, pressure, and physical properties are only now becoming understood. Separation of gases via absorption introduces additional layers of complexity to understanding intermolecular interactions in liquids because of the myriad physical and chemical phenomena that occur in these complex mixtures. Simple physical dissolution of a gas into a liquid can dramatically alter important physical properties of the liquid. Models exist for describing how the properties of gas-liquid mixtures depend on the proportion of the two components in relatively simple liquids. For example, when the amount of gas in the liquid is small, the proportions can be described using Henry’s Law, which states that the amount of dissolved gas is simply proportional to pressure. However, Henry’s Law breaks down as the amount of dissolved gas gets large, and it may have limited applicability in more complex liquids. Because the key to separation by liquid absorbents is the selective incorporation of one gas over many others, it is important to understand and control the intermolecular interactions that govern this physical selectivity. These interactions get even more complex when one considers absorbents that undergo chemical reactions with a target gas molecule (e.g., CO2) because both physically and chemically bound molecules are present in different proportions, which change depending upon solution conditions. Understanding these many aspects of intermolecular interactions that contribute to gas separations in liquids requires characterization methods to elucidate key physical and chemical properties of these interactions, especially in complex mixtures and under reactive conditions. The insights gained by these measurements will serve as a foundation for developing new computational models to predict these interactions. Together, this understanding will catalyze the development of new absorbent systems with precisely tailored properties to yield vastly improved separation selectivity and efficiency. New chemistries, new absorbent systems A major challenge in large-scale absorbent systems is to devise a means of reducing the energy required for separations, whether it be a change in temperature or in pressure. As stated in the Liquid Absorbents panel report, oxygen is selectively isolated from air in blood with highly selective, cooperative, and reversible binding of O2 to hemoglobin. Nature has an analogous system for isolating and transporting CO2 in plants and animals using carbonic anhydrase. Using nature as inspiration, can new chemistries be devised to isolate targeted gases from a complex mixture selectively and efficiently? A potential advantage of such an approach is that the driving force of such reactions could lower the energy required for the separations. However, for applications in large-scale separation schemes, the molecules developed for nature-inspired separations will need to be stable over many cycles of reuse. Thus the scientific challenge is to design highly specific and robust chemical systems with tailored physical and chemical properties for optimized separations. Is this vision possible—can molecules be designed to react stoichiometrically, reversibly, and in a controlled fashion with CO2? Evidence suggests the answer is yes. Imidazolium carbenes were noted to have this ability in work reported first in 2004:1 45PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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