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interactions. Materials harnessing facilitated uptake, transport, and release would provide a model that more closely follows membrane-mediated transport of small molecules in biological systems. To fully adopt this analogy within industrial membrane separation technology requires new capacities to precisely tailor molecular interactions in a hierarchy with dynamics (e.g., conformational) that are currently impossible in synthetic materials. Hierarchical 3D organization. Using current membrane materials and processes, it is estimated that capturing 90% of the CO2 from a 550 MWe coal-fired power plant would require 1 million m2 of membrane area.1 The membrane “footprint” can be reduced by integrating membranes in forms beyond the 2D motifs of current technology, i.e., hollow fibers and spiral-wound flat films. Adopting more effective, space-saving 3D designs could markedly enhance the efficiency of membranes for carbon capture and storage. General methods for preparing such structures with broad compositional and molecular variability would transform systems-level capabilities. This challenge cannot be addressed by conventional forms of synthesis or processing. However, the effort would benefit from recent advances that exploit the synergies of top-down and bottom-up means of designing materials structures for function by assembly and new/emerging 3D microscale and nanoscale fabrication. Each has a useful and empowering role to play in the production of robust, thermally and chemically stable, high-performance membranes. Figure 21. A bicontinuous mesoporous polymer monolith prepared by a large-area, low-cost phase- contrast lithography. New patterning and fabrication methods allow novel, predictable 3D organization of materials. New phase-contrast and interference lithographies (Figure 21), as well as rapidly advancing methods of deterministic assembly and net-form direct- write fabrication, are promising ways of preparing complex integrated 3D architectures. There is a significant basic research opportunity in exploring new ways to prepare structures that are robust and highly scalable and offer previously unattainable property sets for membranes. Because the gas molecules of interest are of the order of a few angstrom, and CO2 molecules differ from other molecules found in flue gas by only fractions of an angstrom, it is imperative that new techniques provide material structures that can effectively separate such mixtures of gas molecules. Specific opportunities include 3D organizations embedding gradient systems (e.g., density or composition), hierarchically porous materials, and asymmetric and/or heterogeneously integrated polymer networks. Constructing such systems is a frontier experimental challenge, and developing computational methods for optimizing the properties of such materials requires significant progress in topological mathematics. 71PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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