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Scientific Questions and Opportunities The ability to design and synthesize hierarchical structures in membranes offers immense opportunities for efficient carbon capture processes. In biology, many of the most effective membrane-mediated separation/transport processes involve complex, nonplanar articulations of structure that are highly optimized to support function. Today, self assembly of materials is in its infancy and is relatively primitive compared with the structures found in nature. Achieving levels of sophistication similar to those seen in nature is a grand challenge in materials synthesis and would have huge impacts in broad areas of technology. To meet this challenge would require the development of new concepts for effective self- assembly of materials. This would include expanding the range of materials to which pathway-dependent self-assembly can be applied. Ultimately, these concepts would establish self-assembly as a broadly enabling platform for functional materials design. Also needed is the ability to design and synthesize materials that have structure and function in three dimensions. Current approaches to making 3D materials through nanoscale and microscale fabrication are generally complex and limited in terms of the types of materials to which they can be applied, as well as potential structures and functionalities. New concepts are needed to revolutionize capabilities for producing 3D materials with tailored structures and functionalities that can provide both high permeability and efficient separations. Further, new concepts are needed that would facilitate incorporation of these 3D materials into more complex architectures, essentially building a “device-level” system for carbon capture processes. Meeting these challenges will require understanding the dynamics of the assembly of materials from the atomic/molecular scale to the mesoscale. New computational tools are needed that can predict structures with functionalities optimized for selectivity and efficiency of separations in three dimensions . In addition, to fully understand, predict, and control the dynamics of self-assembly of these complex structures will require both new computational and characterization tools that encompass capabilities from atomic/molecular scales to the mesoscale. Potential Impact Multifunctional hierarchical structures generated by self-assembly could provide new routes to rapid fabrication of scalable, robust, high-performance membranes from polymer, inorganic, and hybrid materials systems. Beyond CO2 capture, these advanced membranes could find application in purification of hydrogen for use in fuel cells or in membrane separators used in fuel cells and batteries. Further, membranes based on these revolutionary new structures could offer huge energy savings in commercial separation processes that typically use distillation, such as separation of water in bioethanol process. These advanced architectures may also impact other energy-related technologies, such as solar cells or photocatalkytic cells for fuel production. Reference 1. T. C. Merkel, H. Lin, X. Wei, R. Baker, “Power plant post-combustion carbon dioxide capture: An opportunity for membranes,” Journal of Membrane Science 359, 126–139 (2010). 72PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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