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the PRD “Novel Hierarchical Structures in Membranes for Carbon Capture”). Such tailored membranes could achieve exquisitely high selectivity by using multiple strategies for sorting gas molecules or ions based on their interactions with the membrane. An example of a recently described membrane that selectively transports CO2 is a dual-phase membrane with one phase transporting carbonate ion and another phase, oxygen ion.2 Carbon dioxide can permeate through the membrane under a CO2 pressure gradient or an electrical field gradient. Carbon dioxide on the upstream membrane surface binds with an oxygen ion, becoming a carbonate ion, which is transported through one phase of the membrane. A reverse reaction on the downstream surface converts carbonate ions to oxygen ions and molecular CO2, which is released at the downstream surface. An oxygen ion transporting phase, shown in green in Figure 22, moves the oxygen ion from the downstream to the upstream surface of the membrane so that it can again transport a molecule of CO2 across the membrane. The result is a membrane with high specificity for transport of CO2. Membranes with high specificity for transport of target molecules may also be realized through the development of multicomponent composite membranes tailoredfor the synergistic enhancement of performance. For example, stable complexing agents that can selectively separate O2 from air could be incorporated into membranes to provide a membrane with high permeability and selectivity for O2. These complexes could take the form of a hemoglobin analog or a synthetic chelator that would selectively trap and release the target gas molecule or ion. Another example is a novel multicomponent membrane with high selectivity and permeability for a target gas, as shown in Figure 23. This concept is inspired by natural processes in which materials pass through a cell membrane via selective channels. The membrane has a composite structure with highly permeable carbon nanotubes as the support, and a polymer filling matrix optimized for chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability. The high perm-selectivity for CO2 may be achieved through a specific interaction between CO2 and tailored functionalities at the nanotube pore entrance. Highly permeable support Durability: Nonporous filling matrix (mechanical strength, chemical resistance, temperature resistance) Permeability: Highly permeable nanopores Ultrathin selective layer Selectivity: Chemistry on CNT entrance to create a selective gate 10 nm Figure 23. Concept of multicomponent membrane with durable high selectivity and permeance for CO2. Many existing membranes that selectively transport gases or ions have poor chemical, thermal, or mechanical stability. For example, perovskite-type ceramic ionic transport membranes offer high oxygen flux but suffer from surface contamination, bulk phase segregation, and/or mechanical rupture during operation, especially under large oxygen 74PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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