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Electrical or electrochemical switching. Application of an electrical potential to a material could result in an increased binding affinity of select polarizable gases, such as CO2, over other gases present in the process stream (e.g., H2O, N2, O2). Alternatively, application of an electrical potential could result in a conformation change in a material (e.g., alignment of surface functional groups), resulting in a change in gas binding affinity. For example, it has been shown that induced electrochemical potentials can enhance binding to certain gases in MOFs.7 As shown in Figure 27, electrochemical reduction of an MOF produces an enhancement of H2 uptake. An extension of this concept that generates a triggerable, reversible binding of CO2 could serve as a smart capture agent. It should be noted that this proposed approach is distinct from a currently available technique, electric swing adsorption, which involves simple thermal heating of the adsorbent by resistive heating. Membranes have also been developed that use an electric potential gradient to create the separation driving force. Figure 27. Chemical reduction of a porous material. Reduction and cationic doping of a porous MOF results in polarization of the surface and enhanced binding of gases (H2) as shown in the colored isotherms (left, unaltered material shown as black squares). Reduction and doping is apparent by the color change (right, change from pink to dark purple) in the material.7 Electromechanical switching. The piezoelectric or electrostrictive behavior of certain materials has the potential to induce structural changes that would modulate gas binding affinity.8 These structural changes could occur at the molecular level (e.g., site of CO2 binding) or at the bulk level, resulting in a switch-like open–close reaction. Electromagnetic irradiation and stimulation. Radiation at various wavelengths— microwave, radiowave, and perhaps even visible light (Figure 25)—has the potential to induce a change in gas binding or to change the size of a pore, thus serving as a trigger for capture/release. This change in binding could result from resonance phenomena associated with the material, the bound gas species, or both. Magnetic switching. Magnetically switchable materials could be developed that display changes in binding affinity for a target based on changes in external magnetic fields, spin states, or other parameters. Magnetostrictive materials, which change structure upon application of a magnetic field, are another intriguing approach that may tune separation selectivity and efficiency. 81PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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