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Triggered phase transitions. Changes in the phase of a material could result in changes in gas binding affinity or capacity. Such alterations of phase could be modulated by secondary stimuli, including gas sorption (Figure 24) or other stimuli mechanisms described earlier. The capture of gases during a solid state phase transition in a porous material has been described.9 In a barium sulfonate network solid (Ba3L2, L = 1,3,5-benzenetrisulphonate), a conversion from open- to closed-pore phases results in mechanical trapping of atmospheric gases. This conversion is reversible, and exposure to ambient moisture results in the release of the trapped gases (Figure 28). Such a system, if sufficiently stable and if made selective for CO2 or O2, for example, could offer an intriguing dynamic phase-change material for carbon capture technologies. Figure 28. Mechanical capture of gases in a crystalline solid. A phase change in Ba3L2 (L = 1,3,5- benzenetrisulphonate) results in the release of atmospheric gases from the crystals, as evidenced by the formation of bubbles (right). In this case, the phase change is stimulated by a chemical signal in the form of ambient moisture.9 Many other potential stimuli could be employed with a new generation of materials for low- cost gas separations. For example, polymer membranes have been developed that control selective transport by response to triggers such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, light, magnetic field, and chemical stimuli.10 Developing these separation schemes will require a new fundamental understanding of the chemical and physical processes that affect separation processes under alternative driving forces. This understanding will enable the development of an entirely new generation of smart separation materials with tailored architectures for responding to the driving force and assisting in the separation process. Scientific Questions and Opportunities Highly efficient and selective separation of small molecules or ions from complex mixtures is a critical need for both carbon capture and oxycombustion technologies. Novel approaches that use new materials and alternative driving forces have enormous potential for dramatically reducing energy costs that currently hinder separation technologies. These less expensive processes are critically needed to meet the daunting challenges required for carbon emissions mitigation in the future. However, the full potential of this vision cannot be achieved with incremental changes in currently available materials. These advances will be realized only with research focused on understanding the full array of chemical and physical 82PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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