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processes that occur when a stimulus interacts with a materials system, so that the interactions can be tailored to optimize the capture and release of targeted gases. Exploit nanostructure in separation efficiency. To develop new separation schemes based on alternative driving forces, revolutionary materials designed at the nanoscale to attain optimal separation efficiencies are needed. Nanoscale features have been shown to dramatically enhance flux and selectivity in polymer membrane separations and in solid sorbents. Tailoring nanoscale structure is a promising means of enabling low-energy pathways for selective capture and release driven by alternative forces.10 Recent advances in the synthesis of polymers, inorganic materials, and organometallic materials with nanoscale structural features offer enormous potential for achieving optimized architectures that respond to external driving forces for efficient gas separation. Further, functionalizing the surface of these materials can provide another dimension of tuning to be used with a wide variety of potential external stimuli. To support the design and synthesis of these smart, nanostructured materials, advanced characterization and computational methods are needed for studying them under realistic conditions and elucidating and predicting mechanisms for gas separation. Understanding these molecular-level processes will underpin breakthroughs in the use of alternatives to pressure and vacuum to drive low-energy molecular and ionic separations. Develop new separation functionality triggers. Forces for driving ion and molecule separations for carbon capture strategies could take any number of forms, including continuous or pulsed. Much of what we know today about alternative driving forces for separations is based on an Edisonian approach of trial and error. To expedite the discovery and deployment of membrane separation systems consisting of new materials and external triggers requires a fundamental understanding of the interaction of targeted molecules or ions with materials and the changes that occur when an external stimulus is applied. Developing this understanding will require advanced analytical tools to study the materials of interest under conditions that reflect the actual environment of the separation processes. In addition, new computational tools are needed to understand and predict the separation of targeted gas molecules or ions at the molecular level under the influence of the applied stimulus. Understanding the structure/performance relationships of these separations systems can drive the development of radically different separation schemes, including the possible application of a combination of driving forces in multifunctional separation materials. Potential Impact Current technologies used to reduce carbon emissions from combustion processes rely on highly expensive changes in temperature and/or pressure to cause gas capture and release, greatly impacting the ultimate cost of electricity in a power generation plant. The development of new smart materials with nanostructured architectures, possibly modified with specific functionalities designed to interact with innovative stimuli, has huge potential to increase separation efficiency and greatly reduce costs. Such novel processes could be game-changing, allowing effective use of carbon-based fuels without deleterious impacts on the environment. In addition, concepts developed as part of this research could have a huge impact on separation processes used across industry. Separation processes add huge energy costs to the production of biofuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other commodities; and 83PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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